Comparison of Ketogenic Diets with and without Ketone Salts versus a Low-Fat Diet: Liver Fat Responses in Overweight Adults

Ketogenic diets (KDs) often contain high levels of saturated fat, which may increase liver fat, but the lower carbohydrate intake may have the opposite effect. Using a controlled feeding design, we compared liver fat responses to a hypocaloric KD with a placebo (PL) versus an energy-matched low-fat diet (LFD) in overweight adults. We also examined the added effect of a ketone supplement (KS). Overweight adults were randomized to a 6-week KD (KD + PL) or a KD with KS (KD + KS); an LFD group was recruited separately. All diets were estimated to provide 75% of energy expenditure. Weight loss was similar between groups (p > 0.05). Liver fat assessed by magnetic resonance imaging decreased after 6 week (p = 0.004) with no group differences (p > 0.05). A subset with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (liver fat > 5%, n = 12) showed a greater reduction in liver fat, but no group differences. In KD participants with NAFLD, 92% of the variability in change in liver fat was explained by baseline liver fat (p < 0.001). A short-term hypocaloric KD high in saturated fat does not adversely impact liver health and is not impacted by exogenous ketones. Hypocaloric low-fat and KDs can both be used in the short-term to significantly reduce liver fat in individuals with NAFLD.     

Can Policy Promote Adoption or Outcomes of Evidence-based Prevention Programming?: a Case Illustration of Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports

Prevention Science - This study examined the impact of a state policy requiring that any school with a habitual truancy rate of 8% or higher to be trained in Tier 1 school-wide Positive Behavioral...     

Randomized controlled trial comparing magnetic marker localization (MaMaLoc) with wire-guided localization in the treatment of early-stage breast cancer

Wire-guided localization (WGL) is the standard of care in the surgical treatment of nonpalpable breast tumors. In this study, we compare the use of a new magnetic marker localization (MaMaLoc) technique to WGL in the treatment of early-stage breast cancer patients. Open-label, single-center, randomized controlled trial comparing MaMaLoc (intervention) to WGL (control) in women with early-stage breast cancer. Primary outcome was surgical usability measured using the System Usability Scale (SUS, 0–100 score). Secondary outcomes were patient reported, clinical, and pathological outcomes such as retrieval rate, operative time, resected specimen weight, margin status, and reoperation rate. Thirty-two patients were analyzed in the MaMaLoc group and 35 in the WGL group. Patient and tumor characteristics were comparable between groups. No in situ complications occurred. Retrieval rate was 100% in both groups. Surgical usability was higher for MaMaLoc: 70.2 ± 8.9 vs. 58.1 ± 9.1, p < 0.001. Patients reported higher overall satisfaction with MaMaLoc (median score 5/5) versus WGL (score 4/5), p < 0.001. The use of magnetic marker localization (MaMaLoc) for early-stage breast cancer is effective and has higher surgical usability than standard WGL.     

Drug and Alcohol Use with Condomless Anal Sex among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Melbourne,Australia: A Retrospective Data Analysis from 2011 to 2017

Rises in condomless anal sex among men who have sex with men (MSM) have been reported over the last decade but there is less certainty about the role that drugs, alcohol, play in this change. We examined the changes in drug and alcohol use among 22,255 MSM reporting condomless anal sex at Melbourne Sexual Health Centre in 2011–2017. There was a 7% annual increase in using drugs before and/or during condomless anal sex but a 3% annual reduction in condomless anal sex while drunk. MSM taking PrEP were more likely to report condomless anal sex with drug use (AOR: 1.21; 95%CI: 1.07–1.37) and alcohol use (AOR: 1.29; 95%CI: 1.14–1.46) compared with MSM not taking PrEP.

     

Abduction, adduction and hand differences in simple and serial movements

Abductive or adductive movements were made either towards single targets left or right of "home", or sequentially from target to target with various levels of advance information. In the former situation the preferred hand completed responses (movement time, MT) faster than the non-preferred, while the non-preferred hand initiated them faster (reaction time, RT); these effects were in both cases stronger with harder (knob turn) than with easier (touch) responses. Abductive responses (MTs, not RTs) were faster than adductive, especially with the preferred right hand. However in the sequential task adductive responses were the faster, consistently so by MTs, while with respect to time spent motionless at each target (down time, DT) more so with the non-preferred hand, and under conditions of maximal advance information. Findings were discussed in the contexts of movement complexity, hemispatial representation, and how advance information may be utilized in the resolution of directional uncertainty. There may be an evolutionary advantage in making complex manipulative responses adductively, close to the body, while reaches are usually made abductively, to the periphery of circumcorporeal space.