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991.
The Sonagachi Project of Kolkata, India has been recognized as a model community development and human immunodeficiency virus/sexually transmitted infection (HIV/STI) prevention intervention among female sex workers. Limited research has been conducted regarding its applicability outside the South Asian context. This study sought to document the process and effectiveness of integrating community development activities based on the Sonagachi model into an ongoing HIV/STI peer education program with female sex workers in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Structured cross-sectional surveys examining HIV/STI-related behaviors and community development measures were conducted among approximately 500 sex workers at pre- and post-intervention. We found that several community development components including social cohesion and mutual aid were significantly associated with consistent condom use among sex workers and their paying clients at pre-intervention. However, only a minority of women actively engaged in community-building activities over the 18-month study period. In turn, limited changes in community development components and no significant increases in the HIV/STI-related protective behaviors assessed were documented. Findings indicate that internalized stigma and socioeconomic pressures may have constrained the scope and pace of community mobilization in this setting during the study observation period. 相似文献
992.
993.
Paul J. Fleming Clare Barrington Martha Perez Yeycy Donastorg Deanna Kerrigan 《AIDS care》2016,28(6):699-704
Male steady partners of female sex workers (FSW) living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) represent a key population for treatment as prevention and/or pre-exposure prophylaxis interventions. This study uses data collected from male steady partners who were referred by FSW living with HIV participating in a multi-level HIV prevention and care intervention in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. We conducted a socio-behavioral survey and HIV testing with all men (n?=?64) and 16 in-depth interviews with a sub-sample to obtain more depth. Thirty-five of the 64 participants were living with HIV; 27 were previously diagnosed and 8 were diagnosed during our study. As a result, 45% of men were members of sero-discordant sexual partnerships. Of men with no previous HIV diagnosis (n?=?37), 15 had never been tested for HIV and nine had not been tested in the past two years. Ninety-three percent of men previously diagnosed with HIV reported receiving HIV care in the past 6 months and 78% were taking anti-retrovirals. Low HIV testing was partly due to men not feeling at risk for HIV, despite having an HIV-infected partner. Additionally, a lack of tailored care inhibited engagement in anti-retroviral treatment for those infected. HIV testing was low, highlighting a need for test-and-treat strategies. Men not living with HIV would benefit from regular testing and would be good candidates for pre-exposure prophylaxis. While almost all men who had been diagnosed with HIV were engaged in care and adherent to anti-retroviral therapy, future research should assess whether they are achieving optimal HIV outcomes for their health and prevention of ongoing transmission. 相似文献
994.
Many agents are being studied for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC), yet few studies have demonstrated longer overall survival (OS), the primary measure of clinical benefit in MBC. This paper examines the key endpoints in clinical trials and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of drugs for MBC. PubMed was searched (1980 to October 2009) for reports of phase III trials investigating chemotherapy and/or targeted therapy agents in MBC. FDA approval histories (1996-2009) for cytotoxic and biological agents indicated for MBC were reviewed. Of the 73 phase III MBC trials reviewed, a strikingly small proportion of trials demonstrated a gain in OS duration (12%, n = 9). OS gains were less frequently noted in first-line trials (8%) than in trials of second-line plus other lines of therapy (22%). Few trials were designed with the capacity to detect OS effects. Among 37 phase III trials conducted in the last 15 years, only three systemic therapies were approved for first-line use and nine were approved for use as second-line or other lines of therapy. Of these, only four were supported by results showing longer survival times. There is substantial discordance among the design and conduct of clinical trials, FDA drug approval, and the current view of OS as the ultimate measure of clinical benefit. There is an urgent need to reassess standards for clinical benefit in MBC and to establish guidelines for study design and conduct and drug approval. In the end, what matters most is ensuring rapid access to safe and effective oncology treatments. 相似文献
995.
Blixt O Bueti D Burford B Allen D Julien S Hollingsworth M Gammerman A Fentiman I Taylor-Papadimitriou J Burchell JM 《Breast cancer research : BCR》2011,13(2):R25
Introduction
Detection of serum biomarkers for early diagnosis of breast cancer remains an important goal. Changes in the structure of O-linked glycans occur in all breast cancers resulting in the expression of glycoproteins that are antigenically distinct. Indeed, the serum assay widely used for monitoring disease progression in breast cancer (CA15.3), detects a glycoprotein (MUC1), but elevated levels of the antigen cannot be detected in early stage patients. However, since the immune system acts to amplify the antigenic signal, antibodies can be detected in sera long before the antigen. We have exploited the change in O-glycosylation to measure autoantibody responses to cancer-associated glycoforms of MUC1 in sera from early stage breast cancer patients. 相似文献996.
Klevens RM Kruszon-Moran D Wasley A Gallagher K McQuillan GM Kuhnert W Teshale EH Drobeniuc J Bell BP 《Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)》2011,126(4):522-532
Objectives
We described seroprevalence of antibody to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) in the United States during 1999–2006 and compared it with seroprevalence before the availability of vaccine.Methods
We analyzed data from the 1988–1994 and 1999–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to obtain estimates of anti-HAV seroprevalence for the U.S. household population. We grouped region of residence based on the 1999 Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendations into 17 states with any recommendation (vaccinating) and 33 states without any recommendation (non-vaccinating).Results
During 1999–2006, the overall seroprevalence of anti-HAV was 34.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 33.1, 36.7). During 1999–2006, U.S.-born children living in vaccinating states (33.8%, 95% CI 26.2, 42.2) had a higher seroprevalence than children in non-vaccinating states (11.0%, 95% CI 9.4, 12.8; p<0.001). Seroprevalence among children increased from 8.0% (95% CI 6.3, 10.1) during 1988–1994 to 20.2% (95% CI 16.0, 24.8) during 1999–2006 (p<0.001). For U.S.-born children aged 6–19 years, the strongest factor associated with seroprevalence was residence in vaccinating states. Among U.S.-born adults aged >19 years, the overall age-adjusted seroprevalence of anti-HAV was 29.9% (95% CI 28.3, 31.5) during 1999–2006, which was not significantly different from the seroprevalence during 1988–1994 (32.2%, 95% CI 30.1, 34.4).Conclusions
Increases in seroprevalence among children in vaccinating states suggest a positive effect of the 1999 vaccination recommendations.Hepatitis A vaccines were licensed in the United States in 1995. Shortly thereafter, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) made recommendations for routine vaccination of children aged 2–18 years living in communities with the highest rates of infection and disease.1 By 1999, epidemiologic evidence suggested that the strategy had a limited impact on national disease incidence;2 thus, in 1999, ACIP recommended routine vaccination for children living in 11 mostly western states, with mean incidence rates that were at least twice the 1987–1997 national mean (i.e., ≥20 cases per 100,000 population). In an additional six states, where mean incidence rates were higher than the national average, but less than twice that value (i.e., 10–19 cases per 100,000 population), ACIP recommended consideration of routine vaccination of children.2 The impact of this expansion was dramatic: by 2003, acute hepatitis A disease had declined overall by 76%, from a rate of 10.7 per 100,000 population during 1990–1997 to 2.6 per 100,000 population in 2003.3 In 2007, the rate was the lowest ever reported (1.0 per 100,000 population).4 In 2006, ACIP recommended integration of hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccine into the routine childhood vaccination schedule, with HAV vaccine administered for all children at age 12 months.5Population-based seroprevalence surveys play a critical role in supplementing data systems for disease incidence, vaccination coverage, and vaccine adverse events in the development of vaccination policy.6 Before the availability of vaccine, seroprevalence of antibody to HAV (anti-HAV) in the population solely reflected prior infection.7 Currently, seroprevalence can reflect immunity due to either previous infection or to vaccination. Our objectives were to describe patterns in the seroprevalence of anti-HAV in the U.S., evaluate sociodemographic factors associated with seroprevalence during 1999–-2006, and compare these findings with seroprevalence patterns before the availability of vaccine. 相似文献997.
Culture-based indicators of fecal contamination and molecular microbial indicators rarely correlate with Campylobacter spp. in recreational waters
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Hellein KN Battie C Tauchman E Lund D Oyarzabal OA Lepo JE 《Journal of water and health》2011,9(4):695-707
Campylobacter spp. are the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Most human infections result from contaminated food; however, infections are also caused by recreational waterway contamination. Campylobacter culture is technically challenging and enumeration by culture-based methods is onerous. Thus, we employed qPCR to quantify Campylobacter spp. in fresh- and marine-water samples, raw sewage and animal feces. Multiplex PCR determined whether Campylobacter jejuni or C. coli, most commonly associated with human disease, were present in qPCR-positive samples. Campylobacters were detected in raw sewage, and in feces of all avian and mammalian species tested. Campylobacter-positive concentrations ranged from 68 to 2.3 × 10? cells per 500 mL. Although C. jejuni and C. coli were rare in waterways, they were prevalent in sewage and feces. Campylobacter-specific qPCR screening of environmental waters did not correlate with the regulatory EPA method 1600 (Enterococcus culture), nor with culture-independent, molecular-based microbial source tracking indicators, such as human polyomavirus, human Bacteroidales and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Our results suggest that neither the standard EPA method nor the newly proposed culture-independent methods are appropriate surrogates for Campylobacter contamination in water. Thus, assays for specific pathogens may be necessary to protect human health, especially in waters that are contaminated with sewage and animal feces. 相似文献
998.
999.
The objective of this study was to determine the value of using social media to communicate child health information to low-income parents. We evaluated qualitative data obtained through focus groups with low-income, predominantly Hispanic parents. Results were mixed; lack of time and credibility were the primary objections parents cited in using social media to obtain information about their children's health. Social media has value as part of an overall communication strategy, but more work is needed to determine the most effective way to use this channel in low-income populations. 相似文献
1000.
Evelyn Yi Ting Wong Grace Hwei Ching Tan Deanna Wan Jie Ng Tina Puay Theng Koh Mrinal Kumar Melissa Ching Ching Teo 《Journal of gastrointestinal cancer》2017,48(4):353-360