Increasing breastfeeding rates to reduce infant illness at the community level

OBJECTIVE: Although breastfeeding is associated with lower rates of a variety of infant illnesses, skeptics have suggested that much of the association is attributable to confounding, even after appropriate statistical adjustment. This article utilizes a novel design to investigate changes in infant illness at the community level after a successful breastfeeding promotion program. METHODS: In this population-based cohort study, the medical records of all infants born in one Navajo community the year before a breastfeeding promotion program (n = 977) and the year during the intervention (n = 858) were reviewed. Outcomes assessed include changes after the intervention in: proportion breastfeeding and/or breastfeeding exclusively; incidence of common infant illnesses in the first year of life; and feeding-group specific incidence of illness. RESULTS: The proportion of women breastfeeding exclusively for any period of time increased from 16.4% to 54.6% after the intervention. The percent of children having pneumonia and gastroenteritis declined 32. 2% and 14.6%, respectively, after the intervention. Feeding-group specific rates of these illnesses were unchanged, indicating that the decline observed was attributable to the increased proportion of infants breastfeeding. In contrast, rates of croup and bronchiolitis increased after the intervention among those fed formula from birth, suggesting a viral epidemic which was limited to those never exclusively breastfed. Finally, sepsis declined in both formula-fed and breastfed infants after the intervention, suggesting that other factors affected this illness outcome after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing the proportion of exclusively breastfed infants seems to be an effective means of reducing infant illness at the community level. The experimental design suggests that the increased incidence of illness among minimally breastfed infants is causally related to lack of breast milk, rather than being attributable to confounding.     

PCR-SSCP快速检测耐多药结核分枝杆菌

目的:了解本地区结核病耐药基因突变情况,探讨PCR-SSCP作为新的分子药敏试验方法在临床的应用价值。方法:通过提取耐INH、RFP、SM的肺结核患者痰中结核分枝杆菌DNA,进行PCR-SSCP分析,检测结核分枝杆菌rpoB、katG、rpsL基因是否存在突变,并与传统L-J药敏实验对照。结果:30株耐多药株中,耐RPF、INH、SM基因突变阳性率为90%(27/30)、63%(19/30)、53%(16/30)。3个基因联合突变共8株(26.7%),2个基因联合突变共18株(60%),即26株(86.7%)。单基因突变共2株,2株无基因突变。结论:通过PCR-SSCP方法可检测出绝大部分耐多药结核病的耐药基因,rpoB、katG、rpsL基因突变与本地区结核杆菌对RFP、INH、SM耐药性有关。与传统L-J药敏实验对比,PCR-SSCP是一种敏感、快速的指导临床用药的先进检测方法。     

Female circumcision (female genital mutilation): a problem for brachytherapy in cervical cancer

Female circumcision is a traditional practice common in African countries. It involves partial or total removal of external female genitalia. It has led to many complications, in particular, the scarring of the external genitalia. The consequence is a very narrow introitus making the intracavitary brachytherapy treatment component difficult when these women develop cancer of cervix. We present two such cases from our institution. Our aim is to make the radiation and gynecological oncologists, both in developed and developing countries, aware of this practice and the problems they can encounter in the management of such cases. Intracavitary brachytherapy is an important component in the potentially curative role of radiation therapy for cervical cancer. Every effort should be made to ensure that the sequelae of genital mutilation does not deprive these women of the same standard of care as the general population.     

Favourable outcome in sclerotherapy for bleeding oesophageal varices in schistosomiasis: Results in 30 patients

Abstract Thirty consecutive patients with bleeding oesophageal varices secondary to schistosomal liver disease received injection sclerotherapy. These formed a part of a prospective study, to evaluate the role of sclerotherapy in the treatment of bleeding oesophageal varices due to different aetiological factors in patients seen at the Gastroenterology Unit, Riyadh Armed Forces Hospital, Saudi Arabia, between December 1980 and July 1984.
Schistosomiasis is endemic in parts of Saudi Arabia. Sclerotherapy has a special place in schistosomal liver disease as liver function is well preserved in this disease. The new antischistosomal drugs are effective and may halt the progress of the disease. However, in many patients portal hypertension with bleeding oesophageal varices is found at diagnosis. Of the patients with schistosomiasis, 63.3% were Group A Child's Classification. Oesophageal varices have been eradicated in 11 cases during the mean follow-up period of 28 months (range 3-44 months). Four patients were referred for surgery because of bleeding gastric varices, two of whom died following operation. One patient, who was also hepatitis B surface antigen positive, died due to re-bleeding from gastric varices. The remaining 25 patients had no recurrence of bleeding and their liver function remained satisfactory.
Surgical procedures for oesophageal varices in schistosomiasis carry the risk of peri-operative and postoperative morbidity and mortality. In contrast, complications following sclerotherapy are minor compared to surgical procedures and none of our patients had any serious sclerotherapy complications.     

Cardiac Tamponade,Sever Hypothyroidism and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) with COVID-19 Infection

A 21-years-old with Down syndrome presented with respiratory distress. Initial investigations revealed a cardiac tamponade. On further evaluation, he had positive coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), severe chest infection and severe hypothyroidism. He responded well to urgent pericardiocentesis, levothyroxine, hydrocortisone and tocilizumab.     

Identification of an oncogenic form of the thrombopoietin receptor MPL using retrovirus-mediated gene transfer

Thrombopoietin and its receptor (MPL) are important regulators of megakaryopoiesis. We have identified an activating mutation of MPL using a combination of a retrovirus-mediated gene transfer and polymerase chain reaction-driven random mutagenesis. This point mutation causes a single amino acid substitution from Ser498 to Asn498 in the transmembrane region and abrogates factor-dependency of all interleukin-3-dependent cell lines tested. Murine interleukin-3- dependent Ba/F3 cells expressing the mutated but not the normal form of MPL were tumorigenic when transduced into syngeneic mice. Analysis of intracellular signaling pathways indicated that the mutant MPL protein constitutively activated two distinct signaling pathways, SHC-Raf-MAPK and JAK2-STAT3/STAT5.     

Exploring the utility of whole‐exome sequencing as a diagnostic tool in a child with atypical episodic muscle weakness

The advent of whole‐exome next‐generation sequencing (WES) has been pivotal for the molecular characterization of Mendelian disease; however, the clinical applicability of WES has remained relatively unexplored. We describe our exploration of WES as a diagnostic tool in a 3½‐year old female patient with a 2‐year history of episodic muscle weakness and paroxysmal dystonia who presented following a previous extensive but unrevealing diagnostic work‐up. WES was performed on the proband and her two parents. Parental exome data was used to filter potential de novo genomic events in the proband and suspected variants were confirmed using di‐deoxy sequencing. WES revealed a de novo non‐synonymous mutation in exon 21 of the calcium channel gene CACNA1S that has been previously reported in a single patient as a rare cause of atypical hypokalemic periodic paralysis. This was unexpected, as the proband's original differential diagnosis had included hypokalemic periodic paralysis, but clinical and laboratory features were equivocal, and standard clinical molecular testing for hypokalemic periodic paralysis and related disorders was negative. This report highlights the potential diagnostic utility of WES in clinical practice, with implications for the approach to similar diagnostic dilemmas in the future.