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Data from a 1988 survey of US drinking habits and related problems revealed differences in male and female patterns of alcohol consumption. Men were more likely than women to be current drinkers (64 v. 41%), and beer accounted for a larger proportion of their overall intake. Men's average daily ethanol intake was about twice as high as that of women, 17.5 v. 8.9 g. Adjustment for differences in body weight and composition substantially reduced the male-to-female ratio of consumption. Men were more likely than women to be classified as heavy drinkers, and the excess proportion of males so categorized increased with the severity of the measure of heavy drinking. 相似文献
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Two experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that habituation to repeated food cues can be inhibited by allocating processing resources to nonfood cues. In two experiments, the salivary response to 10 presentations of lemon yogurt was assessed while subjects engaged in a controlled cognitive search task (demanding attentional resources), an automatic search task (needing fewer attentional resources), or no task. In Experiment 1, the controlled and automatic search tasks differed in the number of memory set items. In Experiment 2, the size of the memory sets was held constant, and individuals were provided practice to stabilize the different search strategies in the task. The automatic search and no task groups habituated to the repeated presentation of food cues in both experiments, but the controlled search group did not. These results support the hypothesis that allocation of attentional resources to external cues can influence the processing of food cues. 相似文献
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DAVID WALES 《Criminal behaviour and mental health : CBMH》1995,5(2):85-94
Previous research with incarcerated and hospitalised offenders has produced a fourfold typology of personality types. These have been labelled primary psychopath, secondary psychopath, inhibited and controlled. The current study uses cluster analysis of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) scores to determine whether the same clusters emerge in a sample of non-incarcerated offenders. Results indicate the presence of the four types in this population. Consideration is given to how the clusters vary with respect to index offence and other variables. 相似文献
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NAVIN C. NANDA M.D. SAYED MOHAMMED ABD-EL RAHMAN M.D. GAJENDRA KHATRI M.D. GOPAL AGRAWAL M.D. ADEL A. EL-SAYED M.D. HASSAN A. SHEHATA HASSANIAN M.D. MOHAMMAD KAMRAN M.D. JAMES KIRKLIN M.D. DAVID C. McGIFFIN M.D. WILLIAM L. HOLMAN M.D. ALBERT D. PACIFICO M.D. 《Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.)》1995,12(6):619-628
In the present study, we compared three-dimensionally (3-D) reconstructed images with multiplane two-dimensional (2-D) transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) images in 17 patients with various cardiac masses and defects. To overcome the problem of making measurements from 3-D reconstructed images, we carefully "dissected" the 3-D dataset using paraplane and anyplane 2-D sections, which were then used to obtain the maximum sizes of the cardiac masses and defects. Of the 15 vegetations and 9 abscesses detected by 3-D TEE in 7 patients, only 8 (53%) vegetations and 4 (44%) abscesses were detected by multiplane 2-D TEE (P < 0.02). Also, the exact anatomical location, shape, geometry, and extent of various cardiac masses and defects were more clearly delineated by 3-D than 2-D TEE. The maximum dimensions of cardiac masses and defects were larger by 3-D than by 2-D TEE in 17 (89%) of the 19 lesions available for comparison (P < 0.002). In addition, 3-D TEE correlated more closely than 2-D TEE when compared to surgical measurements in three patients in whom they were available. Thus, it would appear that in several instances, the exact size of the cardiac lesion could only be assessed by analysis of the 3-D volumetric dataset. Out preliminary study has demonstrated the superiority of transesophageal 3-D reconstruction over multiplane 2-D TEE in both qualitative and quantitative assessment of various cardiac mass lesions and pathological defects. 相似文献
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STEPHEN J. HEISHMAN DAVID J. K. BALFOUR NEAL L. BENOWITZ DOROTHY K. HATSUKAMI JON M. LINDSTROM JUDITH K. OCKENE 《Addiction (Abingdon, England)》1997,92(5):615-634
The proceedings of the second annual scientific conference of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco are summarized. The goal of the annual conference was to disseminate information about ongoing nicotine research from biological, behavioral and social perspectives. Data were presented describing our current understanding of the structure and function of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, by which nicotine exerts most, if not all, of its effects in the brain. The conformational complexity of receptor subunits expressed in different brain areas contributes significantly to the complexity of responses observed to nicotinic agonists. Nicotine is being developed as a medication that might be used to maintain smoking cessation and to treat various medical diseases. The potential toxicity of nicotine, apart from cigarette smoking, is an important variable in assessing the benefits and risks of such therapeutic applications. The risks of nicotine-containing medications appear to be far less than those associated with tobacco use. Recent data indicate that cigarette smoking is increasing among youth in the United States. Adolescent smokers are interested in quitting and make frequent quit attempts, but are usually not successful. Effective methods are needed to manage adolescent smokers before they become heavily addicted. Nicotine replacement as a pharmacological treatment for smoking cessation has made a significant contribution in improving quit rates. New medications have been developed that target specific populations of smokers. 相似文献
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A New Approach to Percutaneous Subclavian Venipuncture to Avoid Lead Fracture or Central Venous Catheter Occlusion 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
JEAN E. MAGNEY DAVID H. STAPLIN DAVID M. FLYNN DAVID W. HUNTER 《Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE》1993,16(11):2133-2142
Pacemaker and defibrillator leads and central venous catheters placed by commonly recommended techniques have been found to pass through the subclavius muscle, the costocaracoid ligament, or the costoclavicular ligament before entering veins medial to the first rib. Entrapment by these soft tissues subjects leads and catheters to stresses imposed by movements of the ipsilateral upper extremity. Accordingly, a new approach has been developed that introduces the lead or catheter into the subciavian vein near the lateral border of the first rib. This placement avoids soft tissue entrapment and may extend the longevity of leads and catheters. 相似文献