促酰化蛋白诱导的前脂肪细胞分化过程中转录因子表达的时序性研究

目的：观察促酰化蛋白（ASP）诱导3T3-L1前脂肪细胞的分化过程，转录因子PPARγ、C/EBPδ、C/EBPα mRNA表达的强度及时序性。 方法： 以3T3-L1前脂肪细胞为实验对象，用ASP代替经典激素鸡尾酒诱导刺激中的胰岛素，即促酰化蛋白、1-甲基-3-异丁基黄嘌呤和地塞米松（ASP+IBMX+DEX）诱导3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化，分别在诱导分化1 d、2 d、4 d、6 d、8 d收获细胞，采用RT-PCR法检测ASP诱导3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化过程中转录因子PPARγ、C/EBPδ、C/EBPα mRNA表达的情况。 结果： PPARγ mRNA在诱导分化1 d时有低水平表达，在诱导分化过程中表达逐步升高，在终末分化阶段仍保持高水平表达。C/EBPδ mRNA在诱导分化1 d时有中等水平表达，在诱导分化2 d时表达水平最高，诱导分化4 d时表达明显减少，在诱导分化6 d和8 d，检测不到C/EBPδ mRNA的表达。C/EBPα mRNA在诱导分化1 d仅有低水平表达，在诱导分化过程中表达逐步升高，在终末分化阶段仍保持高水平表达。IBMX+DEX诱导前脂肪细胞分化过程中，PPARγ、C/EBPδ和C/EBPα mRNA分化早期也有一定升高，但明显低于ASP诱导的转录因子的表达。 结论： ASP对转录因子C/EBPδ、C/EBPα和PPARγ表达的时序性影响，可能是ASP诱导前脂肪细胞分化的重要分子机制之一。     

Complement C3 and cleavage products in cardiometabolic risk

This review summarizes available evidence on the role of serum complement component 3 (C3), produced by liver, adipocytes and activated macrophages at inflammation sites, and C3 cleavage products linking lipoproteins and metabolism to immunity. C3 and cleavage products are modified in several associated metabolic disorders including obesity, insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases. Circulating C3 is independently and linearly associated with serum triglycerides, C-reactive protein (CRP), waist circumference and in some populations inversely with current smoking. The complement cascade is activated during myocardial ischemia and likely mediates immune and inflammatory responses in ischemic myocardium. Serum complement activation is elevated in unstable rather than stable angina pectoris suggesting added contribution to damage extension in acute coronary syndromes. In logistic regression models for incident metabolic syndrome (MetS), increasing C3 concentrations predicted MetS in women, after adjusting for continuous values of 3 major MetS components and other confounders, with a relative risk similar in magnitude to an established component suggesting elevated C3 likely constitutes part of the cluster of MetS in women. C3 interacts with MetS in men for independently conferring risk of incident type-2 diabetes and coronary heart disease (CHD). In women, though C3 is equally predictive of cardiometabolic risk, it is less so additively to MetS components or to CRP. Evidence suggests that circulating C3 might serve as a signal for an immune process that enhances - via mediation of increased apolipoprotein (apo) E levels - the development of dysfunctional apoA-I particles rendering them diabetogenic and atherogenic in populations prone to MetS or subsets of populations harboring impaired glucose tolerance. C3 activation also leads to production of chemoattractants C3a and C5a, and acylation stimulating protein (ASP, C3adesArg), a lipogenic hormone, which contribute additionally to the metabolic phenotypes generated. These observations have clinical and public health implications.     

Bacteriological and clinical efficacy of various antibiotics used in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis in Italy. An epidemiological study.

A total of 123 community paediatricians and 23 microbiology laboratories studied the clinical and bacteriological efficacy of treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngitis in Italy. Of 1065 patients, from whom Streptococcus pyogenes was isolated, 723 returned to follow up and of these 138 (19%) still had a positive throat culture. The erythromycin resistance (ER) rate was 23.7% with resistance phenotype distribution of: 31.7% constitutive (CR), 26.6% inducible (IR) and 41.7% efflux pump (M) resistance phenotype. All strains were susceptible to the beta-lactam agents tested. CR strains were highly resistant to all 14, 15 and 16 membered macrolides with the exception of rokitamycin which showed activity against 37.8% of isolates. All phenotype M and some IR isolates were susceptible to clindamycin, rokitamycin, josamycin and spiramycin; clarithromycin was active against a small percentage of strains belonging to the IR and M phenotype. Bacterial eradication was found in 85.5, 78.7 and 75.8% of the penicillin, macrolide and cephalosporin treated groups. Genotyping of strains showed that 8.7% of the 19% of cases classified as 'failed bacterial eradication' were due to recolonization with a different isolate, observed exclusively among beta-lactams treated patients. Clinical cure was achieved in a high percentage of cases, irrespective of the antibiotic prescribed, with the best clinical efficacy being found following therapy with amoxycillin and clarithromycin (90.9%).     

The effect of a plasma protein fraction on lipid synthesis in cultured skin fibroblasts from normals and patients with hyperapobetalipoproteinemia

Lipid synthesis was measured in cultured skin fibroblasts obtained from normals and patients with Hyperapobetalipoproteinemia (HyperapoB). Using lipoprotein-deficient serum medium, triglyceride synthesis and cholesterol esterification were greater in normals than in HyperapoB due to differences in de novo synthesis, not to differences in re-esterification or to different rates of hydrolysis. When normal and HyperapoB cells were incubated in serum-free medium, however, lipid synthesis was the same. Serum was then fractionated chromatographically and a partially purified protein fraction shown to be responsible for the stimulatory effect in normals.     

Inhibition of lipoprotein lipase induced cholesterol ester accumulation in human hepatoma HepG2 cells

It has been suggested previously that lipoprotein lipase may act as a ligand to enhance binding and uptake of lipoprotein particles. In the present study we have examined the capacity of bovine milk lipoprotein lipase to induce intracellular accumulation of triglyceride and cholesterol ester by VLDL (S_f 60–400) isolated from Type IV hypertriglyceridemic subject (HTg-VLDL) in HepG2 cells, independent of its lipolytic activity. We have also attempted to elucidate the cellular receptor mechanisms responsible for these effects. HTg-VLDL-mediated increases in intracellular triglyceride and cholesterol ester were dependent on the presence of an active lipase. Bovine milk lipoprotein lipase (LPL) increases triglyceride mass by 301% ± 28% (P < 0.0005) and cholesterol ester mass by 176% ± 12% (P < 0.0005). These HTg-VLDL-mediated increases in intracellular triglyceride and cholesterol ester did not occur when heat-inactivated lipase was used. Rhizopus lipase could replace LPL and cause equivalent increases in intracellular triglyceride and cholesterol ester (472% ± 61% (P < 0.005) and 202% ± 25% (P < 0.025) respectively vs. control). HTg-VLDL treated with LPL and reisolated also caused equivalent increases (274% ± 18% (P < 0.01) and 177% ± 12% (P < 0.005) for triglyceride and cholesterol ester). LDL also caused increases in intracellular cholesterol ester (189% ± 20% (P < 0.005)), although three times more LDL cholesterol had to be added to achieve the same effect. These LDL-induced increases were effectively blocked by monoclonal antibodies directed against the B,E receptor binding domains of apo B (−97% ± 13% (P < 0.0005) with anti-apo B 5E11 and − 68% ± 13% (P < 0.05) for anti-apo B B1B3) or by anti-B,E receptor antibodies (− 77% ± 7% (P < 0.01) antibody C7). These same antibodies had little effect on the HTg-VLDL + LPL-induced increases in cholesterol ester (+21%, + 15% and − 22% for 5E11, B1B3 and C7, respectively). Monoclonal anti-apo E antibodies also had no effect on LDL-mediated increases in intracellular cholesterol ester, but had a small and significant effect on VLDL-mediated increases in cholesterol ester. However, heparin, which interferes with cell surface proteoglycan interaction, was very effective at blocking HTg-VLDL-mediated increases in cholesterol ester in the presence of LPL (− 86% ± 8% P < 0.0005). Heparin was also effective in the presence of Rhizopus lipase (−79%) or lipolyzed re-isolated HTg-VLDL (−95%). These results suggest that lipoprotein lipase may enhance the uptake process beyond its role in lipolytic remodelling but does not appear to be an absolute requirement. In contrast, heparin had no effect on LDL-mediated cholesterol ester accumulation. Lactoferrin, which inhibits interaction with the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), was also very effective at inhibiting HTg-VLDL increases in intracellular cholesterol ester (− 95% ± 6%, P < 0.01). However, there was no effect of either heparin or lactoferrin on HTg-VLDL-mediated triglyceride accumulation. Thus cell surface heparin sulphate may facilitate intracellular lipid acquisition by providing a stabilizing bridge with the lipoproteins and enhance uptake through receptor-mediated processes such as LRP.     

2型糖尿病患者血浆酰化刺激蛋白和C3水平与胰岛素抵抗和血脂的相关性

目的　了解 2型糖尿病 (T2DM)患者血浆中酰化刺激蛋白 (ASP)及补体C3 与胰岛素抵抗 (IR)及血脂紊乱的相关性 ,探讨ASP与C3 可能参与IR的机制。　方法　根据体质指数 (BMI)将82例T2DM患者分为肥胖组 (BMI≥ 2 5kg/m2 )及非肥胖组 ,同时将 10 5名非糖尿病者分为单纯肥胖(Ob)组 (BMI≥ 2 5kg/m2 )及正常体重对照组。测定ASP、游离脂肪酸 (FFA)、空腹胰岛素 (FIns)、C3 ,空腹血糖 (FPG)、甘油三酯 (TG)、总胆固醇 (TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (LDL C)和胰岛素抵抗指数 (HOMA IR)。　结果　非肥胖糖尿病组 [( 6 7± 38)nmol/L]及Ob组患者ASP水平 [( 6 0± 2 9)nmol/L]显著高于对照组 [( 4 5± 2 1)nmol/L],肥胖糖尿病组ASP水平 [( 5 7± 33)nmol/L]也高于对照组 ,但差异无显著意义。肥胖糖尿病组C3 水平 [( 2 8± 1 2 ) g/L]显著高于对照组 [( 1 9± 0 9) g/L]及Ob组 [( 2 1± 0 9) g/L],Ob组ASP/C3 率 ( 0 7± 0 1)显著高于对照组( 0 5± 0 4 )。相关分析结果显示 ,ASP与BMI、TC、FFA及FPG呈正相关 (r =0 191,P =0 0 0 9;r=0 14 6 ,P =0 0 4 9;r =0 132 ,P =0 0 5 ;r =0 14 0 ,P =0 0 5 ) ;C3 与FPG、FIns及HOMA IR呈正相关 (r =0 2 12 ,P =0 0 0 3;r =0 2 6