肾上腺器官内淋巴管的解剖学研究

采用墨汁硝酸银水溶液局部动脉灌注方法,研究了胎儿、犬和家兔肾上腺(总计80例)器官内的淋巴管.所见结果表明:胎儿和犬肾上腺被膜内及腺体内的较粗大静脉周围存在淋巴管和毛细淋巴管;家兔肾上腺的淋巴管仅分布于被膜内;在肾上腺皮质和髓质的实质内,无论胎儿、犬和兔,仅有血管并无淋巴管或毛细淋巴管.     

Subchronic Toxicity of 2,4,4'-Trichlorobiphenyl in the Rat Liver: An Ultrastructural and Biochemical Study

2,4,4'-Trichlorobiphenyl or PCB congener 28 was given to Sprague-Dawley weanling rats and the experimental diets were prepared by mixing the congener in 4% corn oil. The congener was administered to animals placed in four groups, each comprising 10 males or females. The diets contained 0.05, 0.5, 5, or 50 ppm congener. The fifth or control group comprised animals that received diets mixed with corn oil. Thirteen weeks after commencement of dosing, animals were euthanized and liver specimens were harvested from the animals and prepared for electron microscopy and biochemical analyses. The hepatocyte architectural modifications included an augmentation of SER profiles and an elevation of peroxisome numbers in animals regardless of gender, and mitochondrial abnormalities in the females only. Mitochondrial aberrations consisted of abnormal shapes and cristae in atypical orientation. The alterations were revealed in animals of the 5-and 50-ppm groups and were more extensive in the females. Ethoxyresorufin-O-de-ethylase activity was significantly high in the animals of the 50-ppm group. The results suggest that the female rats were more sensitive than the males to congener 28, and the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) was believed to be 0.5 ppm for the congener.     

A multimedia database system for thermal ablation therapy of brain tumors

A prototype multimedia medical database is described for supporting thermal ablation therapy of brain tumors. Its design is motivated by the major need to manage and access multimedia information on the progress and reaction of tumors to various therapy protocols. The database links images to patient data in a way that permits the user to view and query medical information using alphanumeric, temporal, and feature-based predicates. Visualization programs permit the user to view or annotate the query results in various ways. These results support the wide variety of data types and presentation methods required by neuroradiologists to manage thermal ablation therapy data. The database satisfactorily meets the requirements defined by thermal ablation therapy. A similar approach is being undertaken for supporting different therapies of other types of tumors, thus showing the generality of our approach.     

Membrane staining for hepatitis B surface antigen on hepatocytes: a sensitive and specific marker of active viral replication in hepatitis B.

AIMS--To test the hypothesis that membranous staining of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) on the hepatocyte is a marker of active viral replication in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. METHODS--Intrahepatic expression of HBsAg and hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) was studied by indirect immunofluorescence on frozen sections of liver specimens from 75 patients with chronic hepatitis B, and the results were correlated with serum levels of HBV-DNA assayed by spot hybridisation. RESULTS--Hepatocyte HBcAg was detected in all of 20 patients with serum levels of HBV-DNA > 1000 pg/ml, 18 (75%) of 24 patients with levels of HBV-DNA < or = 1000 pg/ml, and two (6.5%) of 31 patients without detectable serum HBV-DNA. The concordance between hepatocyte HBcAg and serum HBV-DNA was 89.3% (67/75). There were six patients (8%) who had detectable serum HBV-DNA but without hepatocyte HBcAg, and two patients (2.7%) who had detectable hepatocyte HBcAg but without serum HBV-DNA. Membranous staining of HBsAg associated with variable degrees of cytoplasmic HBsAg was found in all but one of 44 patients with serum HBV-DNA, irrespective of the levels, but in none of the 31 patients without serum HBV-DNA. Of the latter, HBsAg was distributed solely in the cytoplasm. In addition, there is an inverse correlation between serum levels of HBV-DNA and the degrees of cytoplasmic staining of HBsAg. The concordance between membranous staining fo HBsAg and serum HBV-DNA was 98.7% (74/75), significantly higher than that between hepatocyte HBcAG and serum HBV-DNA. CONCLUSIONS--Membranous staining of HBsAg on the hepatocyte correlated excellently with serum HBV-DNA and thus can be recognised as a sensitive and specific marker of active hepatitis B virus replication.     

Mouse homologues of the human AZF candidate gene RBM are expressed in spermatogonia and spermatids, and map to a Y chromosome deletion interval associated with a high incidence of sperm abnormalities

An RNA-binding motif (RBM) gene family has been identified on the human Y chromosome that maps to the same deletion interval as the 'azoospermia factor' (AZF). We have identified the homologous gene family (Rbm) on the mouse Y with a view to investigating the proposal that this gene family plays a role in spermatogenesis. At least 25 and probably >50 copies of Rbm are present on the mouse Y chromosome short arm located between Sry and the centromere. As in the human, a role in spermatogenesis is indicated by a germ cell-specific pattern of expression in the testis, but there are distinct differences in the pattern of expression between the two species. Mice carrying the deletion Yd1, that maps to the proximal Y short arm, are female due to a position effect resulting in non-expression of Sry ; sex-reversing such mice with an Sry transgene produces males with a high incidence of abnormal sperm, making this the third deletion interval on the mouse Y that affects some aspect of spermatogenesis. Most of the copies of Rbm map to this deletion interval, and the Yd1males have markedly reduced Rbm expression, suggesting that RBM deficiency may be responsible for, or contribute to, the abnormal sperm development. In man, deletion of the functional copies of RBM is associated with meiotic arrest rather than sperm anomalies; however, the different effects of deletion are consistent with the differences in expression between the two species.      

alpha(v)beta(3) Integrin in central nervous system tumors

alpha(v)beta(3) Is an integrin specifically expressed in endothelial cells of newly forming blood vessels. Integrin-mediated angiogenesis is hypothesized to play a central role in the development and the progression of central nervous system neoplasms. Accordingly, it is considered a potential target for antiangiogenic therapy. In the current study, we compare the expression of alpha(v)beta(3) in ependymomas, oligodendrogliomas, pilocytic astrocytomas, medulloblastomas, and vestibular schwannomas (acoustic neuromas). Samples of 5 tumors of each of the 5 tumor types were harvested surgically and frozen. After the pathological diagnosis was confirmed, immunohistochemistry was performed using an anti- alpha(v)beta(3) monoclonal antibody (LM609). The expression of alpha(v)beta(3) was assessed using a 4-tiered (0-3) grading scheme reflecting the percentage of positively staining vessels. All vestibular schwannomas demonstrated strong (grade 3) alpha(v)beta(3) expression. The expression was uniformly prominent in Antoni B regions of the tumors. Of 5 ependymomas, 4 demonstrated uniformly strong alpha(v)beta(3). Oligodendrogliomas, medulloblastomas, and pilocytic astrocytomas demonstrated more variable alpha(v)beta(3). alpha(v)beta(3) may contribute significantly to angiogenesis in vestibular schwannomas and ependymomas. Despite the high vascular density of oligodendrogliomas, pilocytic astrocytomas, and medulloblastomas, these tumors had variable moderate alpha(v)beta(3) expression. This discrepancy suggests temporal and/or regional variability in the angiogenesis in these types of tumor. This study provides the first demonstration of alpha(v)beta(3) expression in vestibular schwannomas, medulloblastomas, and pilocytic astrocytomas.     

Lack of STK11 gene expression in homozygous twins with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

Clinical features of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), an autosomal dominant disorder, include clusters of melanotic spots on the lips and limbs, polyposis of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and propensity to develop neoplasms of the GI tract, ovaries, testes, and other sites. We report twin sisters with PJS who were found to be homozygous, based on analyses of 9 DNA markers containing short tandem repeats (STR). Aberrant expression of a putative tumor suppressor gene, STK11, which encodes a serine threonine kinase, has been suggested as the etiologic factor in PJS. In both of the twin sisters with PJS, mRNA analyses by RT-PCR demonstrated a complete lack of STK11 gene expression. These results provide direct evidence that STK11 gene expression is abnormal in PJS. Detecting abnormal expression of the STK11 gene may serve as a molecular approach to the diagnosis of PJS and may facilitate genotype-phenotype correlations in PJS patients.     

Evaluation and Validation of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and an Immunochromatographic Test for Serological Diagnosis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

A newly developed severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was further validated to confirm cutoff values and evaluate its diagnostic performance with clinical samples. In parallel, an immunochromatographic test was also evaluated. A total of 227 clinical serum specimens collected from SARS patients were used in the study, together with 385 samples from healthy donors. By use of an immunofluorescent (IF) test as the “gold standard, ” both the ELISA and the immunochromatographic test were able to detect immunoglobulin G antibodies to SARS not only from late-convalescent-stage samples (>21 days from the onset of clinical symptoms), as previously established, but also from early-acute-phase samples (1 to 10 days from onset). The ELISA, using an optical density (OD) of 0.25 as its cutoff value, produced the best sensitivity while maintaining high specificity. It detected SARS-specific antibodies in 58, 70, 75, and 95%, respectively, of the four groups of samples collected from patients 1 to 10 days, 11 to 20 days, 21 to 30 days, and more than 30 days after the onset of clinical symptoms. Similarly, the immunochromatographic test detected SARS-specific antibodies in 55, 68, 81, and 79% of the four groups, respectively. The overall specificities for the ELISA and the rapid test were 99.5 and 97.7%, respectively. Although the positive correlation observed between the ELISA OD values and the IF titers was moderate (r = 0.6915; P < 0.001), the detection rates of both the ELISA and the rapid test were found well in agreement with the IF titers.     

Estimation of size of clonal unit for keratinocytes in normal human skin

OBJECTIVE: It has been suggested that keratinocyte (KC) stem cells reside at the epicenter of a clonal population of cells. To estimate the territory or surface area covered by a single stem-cell-derived KC population in human skin, clonal skin maps were created from 3 healthy adult women and from normal skin of a psoriatic patient. DESIGN: Two hundred fifty-eight punch biopsy samples of various sizes (ranging from 2 to 8 mm in diameter) were analyzed for clonality employing X chromosome inactivation patterns at the human androgen receptor gene (HUMARA) locus. DNA was isolated and clonality established by significant decrease of either maternal or paternal X chromosome band patterns following restriction enzyme digestion, polymerase chain reaction amplification, and gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: Fifty-three (41%) of 128 two-mm biopsies were clonal, whereas only 6 (14%) of 43 three-mm, 5 (14%) of 36 four-mm, and 3 (8%) of 35 five-mm biopsies revealed a clonal population of KCs. By contrast, in 5 different biopsies from a psoriatic patient, including 4- or 5-mm sizes, all but 1 were clonal; even an 8-mm biopsy contained a clonal population of KCs. Mantel-Haenszel chi(2) analysis revealed a P value of.001, reflecting a strong trend in probability for presence of a single clone of KCs as related to size of the biopsy sample. By sequentially analyzing 30 contiguous 2-mm biopsy samples within a given strip of skin, 10 clonal domain changes, as reflected in maternal versus paternal switches, were observed. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide direct evidence of a clonal population of KCs in normal and psoriatic lesion-free skin, and indicate that a clonal epidermal unit of KCs frequently can be detected in small biopsies (2 mm), but that in normal skin sampling, overlapping clones are apparently present in larger (ie, 4-5-mm) biopsies, producing nonclonal patterns. The clonal domain of progeny in normal skin has a rather limited territorial boundary (2 mm in diameter). However, in lesion-free skin from a psoriatic patient, there may be clonal expansion of KCs due to perturbation in epidermopoiesis and/or stem cell distribution.