Acaricidal, insecticidal, and larvicidal efficacy of fruit peel aqueous extract of Annona squamosa and its compounds against blood-feeding parasites

Plant products may be alternative sources of parasitic control agents, since they constitute a rich source of bioactive compounds that are eco-friendly and nontoxic products. The plant extracts are good and safe alternatives due to their low toxicity to mammals and easy biodegradability. In the present study, fruit peel aqueous extract of Annona squamosa (Annonaceae) extracted by immersion method exhibited adulticidal activity against Haemaphysalis bispinosa (Acarina: Ixodidae) and the hematophagous fly, Hippobosca maculata (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), and larvicidal activity against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae), Anopheles subpictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). The chemical composition of A. squamosa fruit peel aqueous extract was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major chemical constituent of peel aqueous extract of A. squamosa was identified as 1H- cycloprop[e]azulen-7-ol decahydro-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylene-[1ar-(1aα,4aα, 7β, 7 a, β, 7bα)] (28.55%) by comparison of mass spectral data and retention times. The other major constituents present in the aqueous extract were retinal 9-cis- (12.61%), 3,17-dioxo-4-androsten-11alpha-yl hydrogen succinate (6.86%), 1-naphthalenepentanol decahydro-5-(hydroxymethyl)-5,8a-dimethyl-y,2-bis(methylene)-(1α,4aβ,5α,8aα) (14.83%), 1-naphthalenemethanol decahydro -5-(5-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-pentenyl)- 1,4a-di methyl - 6-methylene -(1S-[1α, 4aα, 5α(E), 8aβ] (4.44%), (-)-spathulenol (20.75%), podocarp-7-en-3-one13β-methyl-13-vinyl- (5.98%), and 1-phenanthrene carboxaldehyde 7-ethenyl-1,2,3,4,4a,4,5,6,7,9,10,10a-dodecahydro-1,4a,7-trimethyl-[1R-(1α,4aβ.4bα,7β, 10aα)]-(5.98%). The adult and larval parasitic mortalities observed in fruit peel aqueous extract of A. squamosa were 31, 59, 80, 91, and100%; 27, 42, 66, 87, and 100%; and 33, 45, 68, 92, and 100% at the concentrations of 250, 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 ppm, respectively, against Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Hippobosca maculata, and R. microplus. The observed larvicidal efficacies were 36, 55, 72, 92, 100% and 14, 34, 68, 89, and 100% at 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 ppm, respectively, against A. subpictus and C. quinquefasciatus. The highest parasite mortality was found after 24?h of exposure against Haemaphysalis bispinosa (LC(50)?=?404.51?ppm, r (2)?=?0.890), Hippobosca maculata (LC(50)?=?600.75?ppm, r (2)?=?0.983), the larvae of R. microplus (LC(50)?=?548.28?ppm, r (2)?=?0.975), fourth-instar larvae of A. subpictus (LC(50)?=?327.27?pm, r (2)?=?0.970), and C. quinquefasciatus (LC(50)?=?456.29?ppm, r (2)?=?0.974), respectively. The control (distilled water) showed nil mortality in the concurrent assay. The χ (2) values were significant at p?相似文献   

Evaluation of repellent properties of botanical extracts against Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae)

In recent times, there were considerable efforts made to promote the use of environmentally friendly and biodegradable natural insecticides and repellents, particularly from botanical sources. The present study explored the effects of crude leaf ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol extracts of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa ex Roxb, Andrographis lineata Wallich ex Nees., Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wallich ex Nees., Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels, Eclipta prostrata L., and Tagetes erecta L. on repellent activity against Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles. The maximum repellent activity was observed at 500 ppm in methanol extracts of A. marmelos, ethyl acetate extracts of A. lineata, C. hirsutus, and E. prostrata and the mean complete protection time ranged from 120 to 150 min with the different extracts tested. The ethyl acetate extract of A. lineata showed 100% repellency in 120 min; acetone extracts of A. marmelos and C. hirsutus and methanol extract of T. erecta showed complete protection in 90 min at 250 ppm, respectively. These results suggest that the leaf extracts of A. marmelos, A. lineata, and C. hirsutus have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of the C. tritaeniorhynchus. Therefore, this study provides first report on the repellent activity against Japanese encephalitis, C. tritaeniorhynchus of plant extracts from Southern India.     

Evaluation of botanical extracts against Haemaphysalis bispinosa Neumann and Hippobosca maculata Leach

In the current study, in vitro evaluation of crude hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol extracts of Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R. Br., Gloriosa superba L., Psidium guajava L., Ricinus communis L., and Solanum trilobatum L. exhibited acaricidal and insecticidal activities against the adult of Haemaphysalis bispinosa Neumann (Acarina: Ixodidae) and hematophagous fly Hippobosca maculata Leach (Diptera: Hippoboscidae). All plant extracts showed moderate toxic effect on parasites after 24 h of exposure; the complete inhibition (100%) at the maximum concentration tested (3,000 ppm) was obtained in acetone, methanol, hexane, and chloroform extracts of A. malabarica; methanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts of G. superba; acetone extract of P. guajava; methanol extract of R. communis; and leaf hexane extract of S. trilobatum; and the lowest inhibition (38%) was recorded for the seed hexane extract of S. trilobatum. The highest parasite dead was found in leaf acetone and methanol extracts of A. malabarica, seed methanol of G. superba, leaf methanol of R. communis against H. bispinosa (LC₅₀ = 466.15, 719.78, 476.06, and 243.87 ppm; LC₉₀ = 1,837.96, 2,014.47, 1,904.36, and 2,692.15 ppm), leaf hexane and chloroform extracts of A. malabarica, seed chloroform and ethyl acetate of G. superba, leaf acetone of P. guajava, leaf methanol of R. communis, and leaf hexane extract of S. trilobatum against H. maculata (LC₅₀ = 495.61, 414.81, 360.02, 479.37, 646.30, 506.13, and 432.77 ppm; LC₉₀ = 1,914.84, 1,956.59, 1,598.54, 1,636.41, 2,192.73, 1,982.66, and 1,872.33 ppm), respectively. These results suggest that the leaf methanol of R. communis, chloroform extracts of A. malabarica, and chloroform extract of G. superba have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of the H. bispinosa and H. maculata. Therefore, this study provides first report on the parasitic activities of plant extracts from Southern India.     

Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism in South Indian children with nephrotic syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome is one of the most common childhood kidney diseases. It is mostly found in the age group of 2 to 8 years. Around 10%–15% of nephrotic syndrome cases are non-responders of steroid treatment (SRNS). Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) (I/D) gene association studies are important for detecting kidney disease and herein we assessed the association of ACE (I/D) polymorphism with nephrotic syndrome in South Indian children. We recruited 260 nephrotic syndrome (162 boys and 98 girls) and 218 (140 boys and 78 girls) control subjects. ACE I/D polymorphism was analyzed by PCR using genotype allele specific primers. In ACE (I/D), we did not find significant association for the ungrouped data of nephrotic syndrome children and the control subjects. Kidney biopsies were done in 86 nephrotic syndrome cases (minimal change disease, n = 51; focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, n = 27; diffuse mesangial proliferation, n = 8). We segregated them into the minimal change disease / focal segmental glomerulosclerosis groups and observed that the ACE 'D' allele was identified with borderline significance in cases of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and the 'Ⅰ' allele was assessed as having very weak association in cases of minimal change disease. 'Ⅱ' genotype was weakly associated with minimal change disease. Gender specific analysis revealed weak association of 'ID' genotype with female nephrotic syndrome in females. Dominant expression of DD genotype was observed in males with nephrotic syndrome. Our finding indicated that ACE (I/D) has moderate association with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. However, due to the limited number of biopsy proven focal segmental glomerulosclerosis subjects enrolled, further studies are required to confirm these results.     

Screening for antifeedant and larvicidal activity of plant extracts against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicoverpa armigera</Emphasis> (Hübner), <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sylepta derogata</Emphasis> (F.) and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anopheles stephensi</Emphasis> (Liston)

Plant extracts, especially botanical insecticides, are currently studied more and more because of the possibility of their use in plant protection. Biological activity of five solvent plant extracts were studied using fourth instar larvae of gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), cotton leaf roller Sylepta derogata (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and malaria vector Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Antifeedant and larvicidal activity of acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, hexane and methanol peel, leaf and flower extracts of Citrus sinensis, Ocimum canum, Ocimum sanctum and Rhinacanthus nasutus were used in this study. During preliminary screening, the extracts were tested at 1,000 ppm concentration. The larval mortality was observed after 24 h of exposure. All extracts showed moderate larvicidal effects; however, the highest larval mortality was found in peel chloroform extract of C. sinensis, flower methanol extract of O. canum against the larvae of H. armigera (LC₅₀ = 65.10,51.78, LC₉₀ = 277.39 and 218.18 ppm), peel methanol extract of C. sinensis, flower ethyl acetate extract of O. canum and leaf acetone extract of O. sanctum against the larvae of S. derogata (LC₅₀ = 20.27,58.21,36.66, LC₉₀ =113.15,285.70 and 668.02 ppm), peel methanol extract of C. sinensis, leaf and flower ethyl acetate extracts of O. canum against the larvae of A. stephensi (LC₅₀ = 95.74,101.53,28.96, LC₉₀ = 303.20,492.43 and 168.05 ppm), respectively. These results suggest that the chloroform and methanol extract of C. sinensis, ethyl acetate flower extracts of O. canum and acetone extract of O. sanctum have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of the agricultural pests H. armigera, S. derogata and medically important vector A. stephensi.     

Mosquito larvicidal activity of gluanol acetate,a tetracyclic triterpenes derived from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ficus racemosa</Emphasis> Linn

The larvicidal activity of crude hexane, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, acetone, and methanol extracts of the leaf and bark of Ficus racemosa (Moraceae) was assayed for their toxicity against the early fourth-instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). The larval mortality was observed after 24-h exposure. All extracts showed moderate larvicidal effects; however, the highest larval mortality was found in bark acetone extract of F. racemosa. In the present study, bioassay-guided fractionation of acetone extract led to the separation and identification of a tetracyclic triterpenes derivative; gluanol acetate was isolated and identified as new mosquito larvicidal compound. Gluanol acetate was quite potent against fourth-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti L. (LC(50) 14.55 and LC(90) 64.99 ppm), Anopheles stephensi Liston (LC(50) 28.50 and LC(90) 106.50 ppm) and C. quinquefasciatus Say (LC(50) 41.42 and LC(90) 192.77 ppm). The structure was elucidated from infrared, ultraviolet, (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), (13)C-NMR, and mass spectral data. This is the first report on the mosquito larvicidal activity of the reported compound from F. racemosa.     

Laboratory study on larvicidal activity of indigenous plant extracts against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anopheles subpictus</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Culex tritaeniorhynchus</Emphasis>

Anopheles subpictus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus have developed resistance to various synthetic insecticides, making its control increasingly difficult. Insecticides of botanical origin may serve as suitable alternative biocontrol techniques in the future. The leaf acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, hexane, and methanol extracts of Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Correa ex Roxb, Andrographis lineata Wallich ex Nees., Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees., Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels, Eclipta prostrata L., and Tagetes erecta L. were tested against fourth-instar larvae of malaria vector, A. subpictus Grassi and Japanese encephalitis vector, C. tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae). All plant extracts showed moderate larvicidal effects after 24 h of exposure at 1,000 ppm; however, the highest larval mortality was found in leaf ethyl acetate of A. marmelos, E. prostrata, hexane, methanol of A. paniculata and C. hirsutus against the larvae of A. subpictus (LC₅₀ = 167.00, 78.28, 67.24, 142.83 ppm; LC₉₀ = 588.31, 360.75, 371.91, and 830.01 ppm) and against the larvae of C. tritaeniorhynchus (LC₅₀ = 99.03, 119.89, 88.50, 105.19 ppm; LC₉₀ = 479.23, 564.85, 416.39, and 507.86 ppm), respectively. These results suggest that the leaf hexane extract of A. paniculata and ethyl acetate extract of E. prostrata have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of the A. subpictus and C. tritaeniorhynchus. Therefore, this study provides first report on the mosquito larvicidal activity of plant extracts against vectors from Southern India.     

Efficacy of larvicidal botanical extracts against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Culex quinquefasciatus</Emphasis> Say (Diptera: Culicidae)

The present study explored the effects of crude leaf acetone, chloroform, hot water, methanol, petroleum ether (60–80°C), and water extracts of Calotropis procera (Ait) R. Br., Canna indica L., Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn., Ipomoea carnea Jacq. spp. fistulosa Choisy, and Sarcostemma brevistigma Wight that were selected for investigating larvicidal potential against second and fourth instar larvae of the laboratory-reared mosquito species, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, in which the major lymphatic filariasis was used. All plant extracts showed moderate larvicidal effects after 24 h of exposure at 1,000 ppm; however, the highest larval mortality was found in leaf acetone, chloroform, methanol, and petroleum ether of C. indica (LC₅₀ = 29.62, 59.18, 40.77, and 44.38 ppm; LC₉₀ = 148.55, 267.87, 165.00, and 171.91 ppm) against second instar larvae (LC₅₀ = 121.88, 118.25, 69.76, and 56.31 ppm; LC₉₀ = 624.35, 573.93, 304.27, and 248.24 ppm) and against fourth instar larvae and acetone, hot water, methanol, and petroleum ether extracts of I. carnea (LC₅₀ = 61.17, 41.07, 41.82, and 39.32 ppm; LC₉₀ = 252.91, 142.67, 423.76, and 176.39 ppm) against second instar larvae (LC₅₀ = 145.37, 58.00, 163.81, and 41.75 ppm; LC₉₀ = 573.30, 181.10, 627.38, and 162.63 ppm) and against fourth instar larvae of C. quinquefasciatus, respectively. These results suggest that the acetone, methanol extracts of C. indica and hot water, petroleum ether extracts of I. carnea have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of the major lymphatic filariasis vector, C. quinquefasciatus.     

Laboratory determination of efficacy of indigenous plant extracts for parasites control

The present study was based on assessments of the antiparasitic activities to determine the efficacies of acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, hexane, and methanol dried leaf, flower, and seed extracts of Achyranthes aspera L., Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R. Br., Gloriosa superba L., Psidium guajava L., Ricinus communis L., and Solanum trilobatum L. tested against the larvae of cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini 1887) (Acari: Ixodidae), sheep internal parasite Paramphistomum cervi (Zeder 1790) (Digenea: Paramphistomatidae) at 2,000 ppm and fourth instar larvae of Anopheles subpictus Grassi and Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) at 1,000 ppm. All plant extracts showed moderate effects after 24 h of exposure; however, the highest parasite mortality was found in the leaf ethyl acetate extract of A. aspera, leaf methanol extract of A. malabarica, flower methanol extract of G. superba, and leaf methanol extract of R. communis against the larvae of R. microplus (LC₅₀ = 265.33, 95.97, 153.73, and 181.49 ppm; LC₉₀ = 1,130.18, 393.88, 1,794.25, and 1,829.94 ppm); leaf acetone and chloroform of A. malabarica, flower acetone extract of G. superba, and leaf chloroform and methanol of R. communis against the adult of P. cervi (LC₅₀ = 108.07, 106.69, 157.61, 69.44, and 168.24 ppm; LC₉₀ = 521.77, 463.94, 747.02, 256.52, and 809.45 ppm); leaf ethyl acetate extract of A. aspera, leaf chloroform extract of A. malabarica, flower methanol of G. superba, and leaf methanol extract of R. communis against the larvae of A. subpictus (LC₅₀ = 48.83, 135.36, 106.77, and 102.71 ppm; LC₉₀ = 225.36, 527.24, 471.90, and 483.04 ppm); and leaf ethyl acetate extract of A. aspera, leaf chloroform extract of A. malabarica, flower methanol extract of G. superba, and leaf methanol extract of R. communis against the larvae of C. tritaeniorhynchus (LC₅₀ = 68.27, 95.98, 59.51, and 93.94 ppm; LC₉₀ = 306.88, 393.83, 278.99, and 413.27 ppm), respectively. These results suggest that the leaf ethyl acetate extract of A. aspera, leaf acetone and chloroform extract of A. malabarica, flower methanol extract of G. superba, and leaf methanol extract of R. communis have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of the R. microplus, P. cervi, A. subpictus, and C. tritaeniorhynchus. Therefore, this study provides the first report on the larvae and adult parasitic activity of crude solvent extracts, indigenous plants consumed by the natives in southern India.