全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2285篇 |
免费 | 134篇 |
国内免费 | 5篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 15篇 |
儿科学 | 49篇 |
妇产科学 | 218篇 |
基础医学 | 284篇 |
口腔科学 | 32篇 |
临床医学 | 152篇 |
内科学 | 529篇 |
皮肤病学 | 43篇 |
神经病学 | 80篇 |
特种医学 | 41篇 |
外科学 | 206篇 |
综合类 | 93篇 |
一般理论 | 3篇 |
预防医学 | 107篇 |
眼科学 | 200篇 |
药学 | 210篇 |
中国医学 | 10篇 |
肿瘤学 | 152篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 3篇 |
2023年 | 9篇 |
2022年 | 40篇 |
2021年 | 82篇 |
2020年 | 44篇 |
2019年 | 50篇 |
2018年 | 69篇 |
2017年 | 42篇 |
2016年 | 55篇 |
2015年 | 64篇 |
2014年 | 79篇 |
2013年 | 87篇 |
2012年 | 197篇 |
2011年 | 196篇 |
2010年 | 87篇 |
2009年 | 56篇 |
2008年 | 126篇 |
2007年 | 137篇 |
2006年 | 143篇 |
2005年 | 132篇 |
2004年 | 111篇 |
2003年 | 103篇 |
2002年 | 71篇 |
2001年 | 48篇 |
2000年 | 65篇 |
1999年 | 46篇 |
1998年 | 20篇 |
1997年 | 21篇 |
1996年 | 15篇 |
1995年 | 14篇 |
1994年 | 8篇 |
1993年 | 19篇 |
1992年 | 21篇 |
1991年 | 18篇 |
1990年 | 18篇 |
1989年 | 24篇 |
1988年 | 19篇 |
1987年 | 9篇 |
1986年 | 17篇 |
1985年 | 8篇 |
1984年 | 10篇 |
1983年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 5篇 |
1979年 | 4篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 5篇 |
1970年 | 4篇 |
1969年 | 4篇 |
1968年 | 2篇 |
1967年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有2424条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
91.
GW654652, the pan-inhibitor of VEGF receptors, blocks the growth and migration of multiple myeloma cells in the bone marrow microenvironment 总被引:6,自引:3,他引:6
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Blood》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Podar K Catley LP Tai YT Shringarpure R Carvalho P Hayashi T Burger R Schlossman RL Richardson PG Pandite LN Kumar R Hideshima T Chauhan D Anderson KC 《Blood》2004,103(9):3474-3479
Previous studies have shown that the multiple myeloma (MM) cell line and MM patient cells express high-affinity vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-1 or Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (Flt-1) but not VEGF receptor-2 or Flk-1/kinase insert domain-containing receptor (Flk-1/KDR) and that VEGF triggers MM cell proliferation through a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent pathway and migration through a protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent pathway. The present study evaluates the efficacy of the small molecule tyrosine-kinase inhibitor GW654652, which inhibits all 3 VEGF receptors with similar potency. We show that GW654652 acts directly on MM cells and in the bone marrow microenvironment. Specifically, GW654652 (1-10 microg/mL) inhibits, in a dose-dependent fashion, VEGF-triggered migrational activity and cell proliferation of MM cell lines that are sensitive and resistant to conventional therapy. As expected from our previous studies of VEGF-induced signaling and sequelae in MM cells, GW654652 blocked VEGF-induced Flt-1 phosphorylation and downstream activation of AKT-1 and MAPK-signaling cascades. Importantly, GW654652 also inhibits interleukin-6 and VEGF secretion and proliferation of MM cells induced by tumor cell binding to bone marrow (BM) stromal cells. The activity of a pan-VEGF receptor inhibitor against MM cells in the BM milieu, coupled with its lack of major toxicity in preclinical mouse models, provides the framework for clinical trials of this drug class to improve patient outcome in MM. 相似文献
92.
93.
94.
Sandeep Bansal D.K. Chauhan D. Ramesh Shahid Barmare Shaibal Chakraborty 《Indian heart journal》2014,66(6):635-639
Objective
Recent hypertension guidelines recommend initiation of treatment with a fixed dose combination of two drugs for more effective and quicker blood pressure control. Few of these have been assessed for efficacy and acceptability. This study examines the short term blood pressure control and acceptability of perindopril, with or without its fixed dose combinations (FDC) with amlodipine and Indapamide in younger patients.Methods
In a multicentre prospective observational study, patients with stage 1 hypertension were prescribed perindopril 4 mg per day. Those with stage 2 or 3 hypertension were prescribed a single tablet per day of 4 mg perindopril and 5 mg amlodipine (COVERSYL AM), or 4 mg perindopril and 1.25 mg indapamide (COVERSYL PLUS)for 45 days. The primary outcomes were the frequency of patients achieving blood pressure control and the adverse effect of pedal edema.Results
Of 426 patients, with a mean age of 45 years, distributed throughout India, and an average (SD) baseline systolic/diastolic blood pressure of 157.2 (13.5)/98.6 (7.4), 303 (71.1%) achieved blood pressure control. Mean (SD) SBP/DBP decreased from baseline by 26.9 (12.6), and DBP by 15.4 (7.2) mm Hg. Few patients discontinued treatment, and the frequency of cough that interfered with sleep and ankle edema was low.Conclusion
In patients requiring combination antihypertensive treatment, the regimen of perindopril alone or its FDC with Indapamide or amlodipine reduces blood pressure effectively, resulting in high rates of blood pressure control over the short term, with a low frequency of side effects including cough and pedal edema. 相似文献95.
John G. Menting Yanwu Yang Shu Jin Chan Nelson B. Phillips Brian J. Smith Jonathan Whittaker Nalinda P. Wickramasinghe Linda J. Whittaker Vijay Pandyarajan Zhu-li Wan Satya P. Yadav Julie M. Carroll Natalie Strokes Charles T. Roberts Jr. Faramarz Ismail-Beigi Wieslawa Milewski Donald F. Steiner Virander S. Chauhan Colin W. Ward Michael A. Weiss Michael C. Lawrence 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America》2014,111(33):E3395-E3404
Insulin provides a classical model of a globular protein, yet how the hormone changes conformation to engage its receptor has long been enigmatic. Interest has focused on the C-terminal B-chain segment, critical for protective self-assembly in β cells and receptor binding at target tissues. Insight may be obtained from truncated “microreceptors” that reconstitute the primary hormone-binding site (α-subunit domains L1 and αCT). We demonstrate that, on microreceptor binding, this segment undergoes concerted hinge-like rotation at its B20-B23 β-turn, coupling reorientation of PheB24 to a 60° rotation of the B25-B28 β-strand away from the hormone core to lie antiparallel to the receptor''s L1–β2 sheet. Opening of this hinge enables conserved nonpolar side chains (IleA2, ValA3, ValB12, PheB24, and PheB25) to engage the receptor. Restraining the hinge by nonstandard mutagenesis preserves native folding but blocks receptor binding, whereas its engineered opening maintains activity at the price of protein instability and nonnative aggregation. Our findings rationalize properties of clinical mutations in the insulin family and provide a previously unidentified foundation for designing therapeutic analogs. We envisage that a switch between free and receptor-bound conformations of insulin evolved as a solution to conflicting structural determinants of biosynthesis and function.How insulin engages the insulin receptor has inspired speculation ever since the structure of the free hormone was determined by Hodgkin and colleagues in 1969 (1, 2). Over the ensuing decades, anomalies encountered in studies of analogs have suggested that the hormone undergoes a conformational change on receptor binding: in particular, that the C-terminal β-strand of the B chain (residues B24–B30) releases from the helical core to expose otherwise-buried nonpolar surfaces (the detachment model) (3–6). Interest in the B-chain β-strand was further motivated by the discovery of clinical mutations within it associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) (7). Analysis of residue-specific photo–cross-linking provided evidence that both the detached strand and underlying nonpolar surfaces engage the receptor (8).The relevant structural biology is as follows. The insulin receptor is a disulfide-linked (αβ)2 receptor tyrosine kinase (Fig. 1A), the extracellular α-subunits together binding a single insulin molecule with high affinity (9). Involvement of the two α-subunits is asymmetric: the primary insulin-binding site (site 1*) comprises the central β-sheet (L1–β2) of the first leucine-rich repeat domain (L1) of one α-subunit and the partially helical C-terminal segment (αCT) of the other α-subunit (Fig. 1A) (10). Such binding initiates conformational changes leading to transphosphorylation of the β-subunits’ intracellular tyrosine kinase (TK) domains. Structures of wild-type (WT) insulin (or analogs) bound to extracellular receptor fragments were recently described at maximum resolution of 3.9 Å (11), revealing that hormone binding is primarily mediated by αCT (receptor residues 704–719); direct interactions between insulin and L1 were sparse and restricted to certain B-chain residues. On insulin binding, αCT was repositioned on the L1–β2 surface, and its helix was C-terminally extended to include residues 711–714. None of these structures defined the positions of C-terminal B-chain residues beyond B21. Support for the detachment model was nonetheless provided by entry of αCT into a volume that would otherwise be occupied by B-chain residues B25–B30 (i.e., in classical insulin structures; Fig. 1B) (11).Open in a separate windowFig. 1.Insulin B-chain C-terminal β-strand in the μIR complex. (A) Structure of apo-receptor ectodomain. One monomer is in tube representation (labeled), the second is in surface representation. L1, first leucine-rich repeat domain; CR, cysteine-rich domain; L2, second leucine-rich repeat domain; FnIII-1, -2 and -3; first, second and third fibronectin type III domains, respectively; αCT, α-subunit C-terminal segment; coral disk, plasma membrane. (B) Insulin bound to μIR; the view direction with respect to L1 in the apo-ectodomain is indicated by the arrow in A. Only B-chain residues indicated in black were originally resolved (11). The brown tube indicates classical location of residues B20-B30 in free insulin, occluded in the complex by αCT. (C) Orthogonal views of unmodeled 2Fobs-Fcalc difference electron density (SI Appendix), indicating association of map segments with the αCT C-terminal extension (transparent magenta), insulin B-chain C-terminal segment (transparent gray), and AsnA21 (transparent yellow). Difference density is sharpened (Bsharp = −160 Å2). (D–F) Refined models of respective segments insulin B20–B27, αCT 714–719, and insulin A17-A21 within postrefinement 2Fobs-Fcalc difference electron density (Bsharp = −160 Å2). D is in stereo.We describe here the structure and interactions of the detached B-chain C-terminal segment of insulin on its binding to a “microreceptor” (μIR), an L1–CR domain-minimized version of the α-subunit (designated IR310.T) plus exogenous αCT peptide 704–719 (11). Our analysis defines a hinge in the B chain whose opening is coupled to repositioning of αCT between nonpolar surfaces of L1 and the insulin A chain. To understand the role of this hinge in holoreceptor binding and signaling, we designed three insulin analogs containing structural constraints (d-AlaB20, d-AlaB23]-insulin, ∆PheB25-insulin, and ∆PheB24-insulin, where ∆Phe is (α,β)-dehydrophenylalanine (Fig. 2) (12). The latter represents, to our knowledge, the first use of ∆Phe—a rigid “β-breaker” with extended electronic conjugation between its side chain and main chain (SI Appendix, Fig. S1)—as a probe of induced fit in macromolecular recognition. In addition, a fourth analog, active but with anomalous flexibility in the B chain (5, 6) (Analog Modification Templates* Rationale 1 d-AlaB20, d-AlaB23 Insulin; KP-insulin Locked β-turn 2 ∆PheB25 KP-insulin; DKP-insulin β-breaker at B25 3 ∆PheB24 KP-insulin; DKP-insulin β-breaker at B24 4 GlyB24 KP-insulin; DKP-insulin Destabilized hinge