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Design Small-scale randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial with 1-year smoking and drinking outcome assessment.
Setting Two out-patient substance abuse clinics provided a treatment platform of behavioral alcohol and smoking treatment delivered in 3 months of weekly sessions followed by three monthly booster sessions.
Participants Participants were 96 men and women with a diagnosis of alcohol abuse or dependence and smoking 15 or more cigarettes per day.
Intervention All participants received open-label transdermal nicotine patches and were randomized to receive either 2 mg nicotine gum or placebo gum under double-blind conditions.
Findings Analysis of 1-year follow-up data revealed that patients receiving nicotine patch plus active gum had better smoking outcomes than those receiving patch plus placebo gum on measures of time to smoking relapse and prolonged abstinence at 12 months. Alcohol outcomes were not significantly different across medication conditions.
Conclusions Results of this study were consistent with results of larger trials of smokers without alcohol problems, showing that combination therapy (nicotine patch plus gum) is more effective than monotherapy (nicotine patch) for smoking cessation. 相似文献
Areas covered: This review aims to summarize and critically discuss the most relevant findings regarding predictive biomarker development for neoadjuvant treatment of resectable esophageal and esophago-gastric junction adenocarcinoma patients.
Expert commentary: Optimizing the currently available therapeutic modalities through a more accurate selection of patients may avoid the use of ineffective and potentially toxic treatments. During the last decade, the advent of high-throughput ‘-omics’ technologies has set the basis for a new biomarker discovery approach from ‘molecule by molecule’ screening towards a large-scale systematic screening process with exponential increases in putative biomarkers, which often failed to provide adequate clinical validation. 相似文献