善存片联合健脾理气中药预防肿瘤患者化疗所致口腔溃疡的临床观察

目的观察在全身化疗前应用善存片联合健脾理气中药对肿瘤患者口腔溃疡的预防作用。方法将66例肿瘤患者随机分配为治疗组和对照组，每组33例。在全身静脉化疗前3天开始，治疗组每天口服善存片1片及健脾理气中药1剂，对照组服用维生素B：治疗，两组服药化疗后10天为1个疗程。每周期化疗结束后统计口腔溃疡的发生率，共4周期。结果治疗组口腔溃疡的发生率显著降低（P〈0．01）。结论善存片联合健脾理气中药可有效预防及治疗肿瘤患者化疗所致的口腔溃疡。     

跨步或不跨步下的前弓步和侧弓步动作中的髌股关节压力与应力(二)

结果 髌股关节的压力与应力随膝关节屈曲角度的增加而升高,随膝关节屈曲角度的减小而降低(图3～8).不同膝关节屈曲角度下弓步变化和跨步变化的髌股关节压力见表1.     

保留肾单位手术治疗早期小肾癌21例临床分析

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical effects of nephron-sparing surgery in patients with early-stage small renal cell carcinoma. METHODS: Nephron-sparing surgery was performed in 21 patients with renal cell carcinoma including 1 with solitary kidney, 3 with unilateral tumor and contralateral renal compromise, and 17 with unilateral tumor and normal contralateral kidney. The diameter of the tumors ranged from 1.5 to 6.0 cm, with a mean of 2.8 cm. The tumor diameter in 17 patients with normal contralateral kidney was less than 4 cm (mean 2.5 cm) and the average diameter in 4 patients with contralateral renal compromise was 4.2 cm. Sixteen cases were in stage T(1), 4 in stage T(2), and 1 in stage T(3). Of the 21 patients, 4 underwent tumor enucleation, 10 polar nephrectomy and 7 wedge resection. RESULTS: All patients were followed up for an average of 40.8 months (7 to 66 months). One patient suffered a right lung and mediastinum metastasis 3 years after the surgery later and 1 with chronic glomerulonephritis required dialysis 27 months after the operation. No surgical complication or local recurrence were found in other patients. CONCLUSION: As a safe and effective therapy for early-stage small renal cell carcinoma, nephron-sparing surgery can be considered as the gold-standard therapy for patients with lesions less than 4 cm in T(1) and T(2) stages of localized unilateral tumor with normal contralateral kidney.     

正常小鼠胃肠运动昼夜节律及药物作用的影响

目的：观察小鼠胃肠运动昼夜节律及药物对节律的影响。方法：小鼠不同时间点灌胃给予蒸馏水及实验药物，同步测定胃排空及小肠推进运动情况。结果：小鼠胃排空及小肠推进运动存在昼夜节律；普瑞博思促进胃肠运动存在时间效应，但对节律无明显影响；阿托品抑制胃肠运动可使原有昼夜节律消失。结论：小鼠胃肠运动功能存在昼夜节律，药物对胃肠运动功能的作用存在时间效应，可使节律发生不同变化。     

重组人血小板源性生长因子增加细胞外信号调节激酶磷酸化促进糖尿病大鼠全层皮肤缺损创面愈合

目的 在体观察重组人血小板源性生长因子（recombinant human platelet—derived growth factor，rhPDGF）促进糖尿病大鼠全层皮肤缺损创面修复可能涉及的细胞和分子机制，研究其可能涉及的信号通路。方法 26只糖尿病大鼠，每只动物背部制备4个全层皮肤缺损创面，选取其中52个创面，随机分成3组，即对照组，创面自然愈合；rhPDGF治疗组，创面rhPDGF用量为7．0μg／cm^2；赋形剂组，创面用等量赋形剂凝胶。观察治疗后3、7和14d创面肉芽形成、胶原沉积、再上皮化速率以及炎性细胞浸润情况，并采用免疫荧光和免疫组织化学技术观察创面周围和创面修复细胞内细胞外信号调节激酶1／2（extracellular signal—regulated kinase1／2，ERK1／2）磷酸化和增殖细胞核抗原（proliferative cell nuclear antigen，PCNA）的表达。结果 组织学观察，rhPDGF治疗组创面可见大量炎性细胞浸润，毛细血管胚芽及成纤维细胞明显多于另两组（P〈0．05）；胶原沉积明显，肉芽组织生长活跃，创面收缩显著，与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。免疫学研究显示，应用rhPDGF7～14d后，rhPDGF治疗组ERK1／2明显强于对照组和赋形剂组（P〈0．05）；且损伤后3～7d rhPDGF治疗组修复细胞PCNA的表达明显高于对照组和赋形剂组（P〈0．05）。结论 rhPDGF促糖尿病大鼠刨面愈合的作用部分是通过ERK1／2信号通路的磷酸化来完成的。     

RNA干扰基因敲除MAGE-1在恶性胶质瘤U87细胞中的初步研究

目的：通过构建抑制MAGE-1的短片段双链核糖核酸（siRNA）表达载体，鉴定其在人恶性胶质瘤细胞系U87细胞中对MAGE．1基因表达的干涉作用。方法：化学合成2对编码短发夹RNA序列的靶向MAGE—1基因寡核苷酸链，克隆至经BglⅡ、HindⅢ双酶切的pSUPER载体上，重组构建核糖核酸干扰（RNAi）质粒载体。利用RT-PCR、流式细胞术和荧光显微镜，检测经稳定转染后胶质瘤U87细胞中MAGE-1的表达，以了解siRNA的干涉效果。结果：重组构建的pSUPER—MAGE—1载体经双酶切、电泳及插入基因片段序列分析，表明寡核苷酸链成功地插入至预计位点，且序列与预期完全一致。稳定转染后G418筛选出的U87多克隆细胞MAGE-1的表达经RT—PCR、流式细胞术和荧光显微镜检测，2对siRNA均有较明显的干扰作用。结论：载体的成功构建并能对U87细胞中的MAGE—1分子进行RNAi，为进一步研究MAGE—1在肿瘤中的作用，分析基因功能，展开肿瘤基因治疗奠定了基础。     

Lipid extract from completely sporoderm‐broken germinating Ganoderma sinensis spores elicits potent antitumor immune responses in human macrophages

Ganoderma sinensis has been used widely in Oriental countries for the prevention and treatment of various diseases including cancer. Previous studies have shown that the lipid extract from Ganoderma exhibits direct cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Here, it is reported that the lipid extract from germinating G. sinensis spores, at lower concentrations that have no direct tumoricidal activity, induce potent antitumor immune responses in human monocytes/macrophages. Upon stimulation with the lipid extract, monocytes/macrophages exhibited markedly increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and surface expression of costimulatory molecules. Conditioned medium from stimulated cells effectively suppressed the growth of tumor cells. Apparently, the lipid extract triggered macrophage activation via a mechanism different from that associated with LPS. Moreover, it was observed that the lipid extract could partially re‐establish the antitumor activity of the immunosuppressive tumor‐associated macrophages. These results indicated that in addition to its direct tumoricidal activity, the lipid extract from G. sinensis spores could exert antitumor activity by stimulating the activation of human monocytes/macrophages. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Patterns of membrane potentials and distributions of the medullary respiratory neurons in the decerebrate rat

We analyzed the membrane potential of 161 respiratory neurons in the medulla of decerebrate rats which were paralyzed and ventilated. Three types of inspiratory (I) neurons were observed: those displaying progressive depolarization in inspiration (augmenting I neurons), those which gradually repolarized after maximal depolarization at the onset of inspiration (decrementing I neurons) and those exhibiting a plateau or bell-shaped membrane potential trajectory throughout inspiration (I-all neurons). Three types of expiratory (E) neurons were also encountered: those in which the membrane potential progressively depolarized (augmenting E neurons), those in which the membrane potential repolarized during the interval between phrenic bursts (decrementing E or post-I neurons) and those exhibiting a plateau or bell-shaped membrane potential trajectory throughout expiration (E-all neurons). Axonal projections of these medullary neurons were identified in the cranial nerves (n = 34), or in the spinal cord (n = 19) as revealed by antidromic stimulation and/or by reconstruction following horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeling. The other 108 neurons were not antidromically activated (NAA) by the stimulations tested, or had their axons terminating inside the medulla as revealed by HRP labeling. All these respiratory neurons, except for 3 which were hypoglossal motoneurons, had their somata within the ventrolateral medulla, in the region of the nucleus ambiguus, homologous to the ventral respiratory group (VRG) of the cat. No dorsal respiratory group (DRG) was detected within the medulla of the rats. Due to this absence of a DRG, it is concluded that the neural organization of respiratory centers is quite different in cats and rats.     

原位杂交法检测BP1基因在乳腺癌组织中表达

目的探讨BP1同源盒基因在乳腺癌中的表达及其与临床病理指标的关系。方法收集165例乳腺癌临床和病理资料,采用原位杂交法检测BP1的表达,同时用二步法进行ER、p53、PCNA、bcl2、cerbB2免疫组化染色。结果BP1基因表达率为67.88%,免疫组化:ER70.30%、p5349.09%、PCNA74.55%、bcl253.33%、cerbB275.52%。BP1与bcl2具有相关性(P<0.01),且均与ER相关(P<0.05),与p53呈负相关(P<0.05)。BP1与PCNA、cerbB2、患者年龄、组织学类型、淋巴结转移等无相关性。结论BP1可能通过某种非依赖p53基因调控机制,与bcl2、ER协同抑制肿瘤细胞的凋亡而参与乳腺癌的发生。     

Premercapturic acid metabolites of bromobenzene derived via its 2,3- and 3,4-oxide metabolites

1. A new premercapturic acid metabolite of bromobenzene was isolated from the urine of beta-naphthoflavone-induced rats; using 1H-n.m.r., FAB mass spectrometry and chemical degradation it was identified as S-(2-hydroxy-3-bromocyclohexa-3,5-dienyl)-N-acetylcysteine. 2. Two regioisomeric premercapturic acids apparently derived from bromobenzene-3,4-oxide were isolated as an inseparable 1:1 mixture from the urine of phenobarbital-induced rats and characterized by similar means. 3. Acid dehydration of bromobenzene 3,4- and 4,3-premercapturic acids (mixture) afforded only p-bromophenylmercapturic acid, whereas acid dehydration of 3,2-premercapturic acid gave both o- and m-bromophenylmercapturic acids. This implies a shift of sulphur in acid dehydration of the 3,4- and 3,2- but not the 4,3-premercapturic acids. 4. Base dehydration of the 3,4- and 4,3-premercapturic acid mixture gave a mixture of p- and m-bromophenylmercapturic acids, whereas base dehydration of the 3,2-premercapturic acid gave only m-bromophenylmercapturic acid. This indicates these premercapturic acids dehydrate by direct elimination without rearrangment. 5. The 3,2-premercapturic acid was detected only in the urine of BNF-induced animals, whereas the 3,4- and 4,3-premercapturic acids were detected in the urines of untreated as well as PB- and BNF-induced animals. 6. Together with earlier reports of the isolation of the 2,3-dihydrodiol, the isolation of the 3,2-premercapturic acid as a urinary metabolite of bromobenzene implies that bromobenzene-2,3-oxide is a discrete metabolite of bromobenzene and not merely a hypothetical intermediate.