The Adolescent Outcome of Hyperactive Children Diagnosed By Research Criteria—III. Mother–Child Interactions, Family Conflicts and Maternal Psychopathology

The present study reports the results of a prospective, 8-year follow-up study of 100 hyperactive and 60 normal children followed from childhood into adolescence. Ratings of child behavior problems and family conflicts as well as direct observations of mother-child interactions were taken in childhood and again at adolescent follow-up. At outcome, hyperactives continued to have more conduct and learning problems and to be more hyperactive, inattentive, and impulsive than controls. Hyperactives were also rated by their mothers as having more numerous and intense family conflicts than the normal controls, although the adolescents in both groups did not differ in their own ratings of these conflicts. Observations of mother-adolescent interactions at outcome found the hyperactive dyads displaying more negative and controlling behaviors and less positive and facilitating behaviors towards each other than in the normal dyads. These interaction patterns were significantly related to similar patterns in mother-child interactions observed 8 years earlier. Mothers of hyperactives also reported more personal psychological distress than normal mothers at outcome. Further analyses of subgroups of hyperactives at outcome, formed on the presence or absence of ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), indicated that the presence of ODD accounted for most of the differences between hyperactives and normals on the interaction measures, ratings of home conflicts, and ratings of maternal psychological distress. Results suggest that the development and maintenance of ODD into adolescence in hyperactive children is strongly associated with aggression and negative parent-child interactions in childhood.     

Comparison of the inflammatory response between miniaturized and standard CPB circuits in aortic valve surgery.

OBJECTIVE: One of the complications of CPB is the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Recent developments tend to minimize the biological impact of CPB in using miniaturized closed circuit with reduced priming volume and less blood-air interface. The benefit of these miniaturized closed circuits in terms of inflammatory response has been proved in coronary surgery. However, in open heart surgery, the CPB circuit is no more closed and the benefit of the miniaturized set-up could disappear. The aim of the study is to compare the SIRS between standard and miniaturized circuits in aortic surgery. METHODS: Forty patients who underwent singular aortic valve replacement were randomly assigned either to a standard CPB (group A, n=20) or to a miniaturized CPB (group B, n=20). Pertinent clinical and surgical data were collected. Hematological parameters (leukocyte and neutrophil counts) and biochemical parameters (C-reactive protein, cytokine tests) were determined pre-, on and post-CPB. RESULTS: There were an increase in leukocyte and neutrophil counts and a decline in hematocrit in both groups. In both groups, there was a raise after CPB, in C-reactive protein, IL-6, TNF-alpha, neutrophil elastase, and IL-10. However, the raises of elastase and TNF-alpha were significantly lower after the weaning of miniaturized CPB (116+/-46 ng/ml and 10+/-4 pg/ml, respectively) compared to standard CPB (265+/-120 ng/ml, P=0.01 and 18+/-7 pg/ml, P=0.03). The raise of IL-10 is also lower with miniaturized circuit (15+/-6 pg/ml) compared to standard circuit (51+/-26, P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates in aortic surgery, the lesser inflammatory response of a miniaturized CPB compared to a standard CPB. However, there is always some inflammation after CPB and a small bio-reactive free perfusion circuit is still to be found in open heart surgery.     

Evaluation potenzieller Leberlebendspender

INTRODUCTION: The increasing shortage of cadaveric organs makes living-related liver transplantation a more and more important option. Safety for the donor has the highest priority, and therefore detailed and thorough evaluation is needed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All potential donors who had been evaluated at our center from January 2001 to March 2002 ( n=100) were included in a retrospective study to analyse the qualitative, logistical, and economic aspects of the evaluation. RESULTS: Seventy-three percent of the potential donors were found to be unsuitable for living donation during the evaluation process. The main reasons were: uncompatible blood group, availability of cadaveric transplant by Eurotransplant, steatosis of more than 10% of hepatocytes in liver biopsy, insufficient liver volume, and psychosocial reasons. The expenditure for all scheduled investigations was 4,469 euro for a complete evaluation. CONCLUSION: While on the one hand, high standards of the evaluation process must be guaranteed, insufficient reimbursement on the other should not lead centers to reduce either quantity or quality of necessary examinations entered in the evaluation protocol.     

Candidiasis involvement of the small intestine complicated by perforation. A case of favorable course

We report the case of a 51 year-old man who developed candidiasis of the small bowel associated with intestinal perforation. This condition is very rarely recognized ante mortem. Here, the diagnosis was established by pathological examination of a surgically resected specimen of small bowel at the time of surgery. A complete work-up failed to disclose any predisposing condition to digestive candidiasis. Antifungal therapy resulted in complete recovery.     

Effects of age, gender, and education on cognitive tests in a rural elderly community sample: norms from the Monongahela Valley Independent Elders Survey

A random sample of 1,350 persons aged 65 years and older in a rural community underwent cognitive screening as part of a survey to establish a population-based registry of dementing disorders. The screening battery included the neuropsychological tests of the assessment protocol used in the National Institute on Aging multicenter Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). This paper reports a large body of normative neuropsychological data from this sample with members of relatively low socioeconomic status. Age, sex, and educational level were found to have statistically significant effects on test scores. The implications of these findings for the establishment of screening cutoff scores are discussed.     

Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair:Indications and technique

Arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff tears is now possible. By using the biomechanical principles of margin convergenceand the balance of force couples, even large cuff defects can be repaired. Suture anchors are particularly suitable for arthroscopic repairs, and a corkscrew anchor design lends itself to a trans-tendon approach     

Reversal of gelatin-impaired wound healing in rats by exogenous fibronectin.

Animal experiments have shown that administration of gelatin results in a deprivation of plasma fibronectin (FN) and impaired wound healing. For further elucidation of these findings a therapy study with purified human FN was performed in rats. Fifty animals received a standard burn injury of 1% body surface and were divided into five experimental groups. Positive controls given no further treatment or treated with solvent only served for estimation of normal healing. For a negative control, 10 animals received three intraperitoneal injections of gelatin (58 mg/kg body wt) on Days 0, 1, and 2 after injury. They exhibited a striking lack of plasma FN (Day 1) and a significant delay of wound contraction (Days 7 and 14). In the therapy groups each administration of gelatin was followed by an intraperitoneal or intracardiac injection of FN (58 mg/kg body wt) 1 hr later. In these animals the negative effect of gelatin upon plasma FN and wound contraction was prevented. According to this study wound healing is menaced by FN deficiency and can be optimized by substitution of exogenous FN.     

Evaluation of the ABX Cobas Vega automated hematology analyzer and comparison with the Coulter STKS

An evaluation of the new automated hematology analyzer was performed in comparison with the Coulter STKS on 1,694 blood samples coming from the different departments of Nice University Hospital. The Cobas Vega showed very satisfactory results in terms of repeatability, reproducibility and linearity. Correlation with the STKS was excellent with the exception of the following parameters: red blood cell distribution index and the absolute values for eosinophils and basophils. Two qualities were particularly appreciable: absence of leukocyte carryover, and stability of the complete blood count and leukocyte differential count over a long period. Analysis of qualitative flags showed that the overall blood smear review rate was 47% for the Cobas Vega, not forgetting that optical microscopy detects 37% of all abnormalities. The STKS’s review rate was 49.5%. Flags commonly concerned the granulocytic lineage, 61% for the STKS and 48% for the Vega, with a false positive rate of 43.4% for the STKS compared with 22% for the Vega. The opposite phenomenon was observed with the flag for atypical lymphocytes which represented 11% of flags for the STKS and 25.6% for the Vega, with a false positive rate of 25.5% for the STKS and 34% for the Cobas Vega. This may be explained by the fact that lymphocyte abnormalities sometimes generated “granulocytic” flags on the STKS. Studies of the false negative rate carried out using light microscopy on 505 blood samples without flags on either system, detected the presence of a slight myelemia, and a few hyperbasophilic lymphocytes or plasmocytes in 18.6% of all cases. Finally, the Cobas Vega’s practicality was greatly appreciated and there was no trouble with breakdowns throughout the whole period of its use.     

Direction-dependent amplification of the human outer ear

The transfer function of the outer ear in humans was determined by using the impulse technique. Signals were delivered from 325 or 393 positions on an imaginary sphere surrounding the experimental subject. Changes of sound pressure level in the ear canal show that certain frequency bands are amplified maximally if they impinge onto the ear from certain directions. For some frequency bands there are two directions of sound incidence that cause best amplification in the ear canal. The directionality of the human pinna appears to increase at higher frequencies. The amount of amplification by the outer ear of frequencies between 2 and 15 kHz was also determined by measuring the free-field transfer function.     

Do weekly and fast-rotating shiftwork schedules differentially affect duration and quality of sleep?

 Characteristics of shiftwork schedules can have distinct impacts on workers’ sleep. This report presents comparisons of the effects of two different shiftwork schedules on duration and quality of the main sleep episodes in comparable worker populations at two different petrochemical plants. No significant differences were found for sleep duration in comparing the two plants. However, within each plant’s shift cycles, morning and night shifts showed shorter sleep durations than all other workdays and days off. Quality of sleep was perceived as lowest for night shifts of both plant schedules, and of lesser quality for weekly than for fast-rotating shifts. These results support recommendations for reducing the number of consecutive nights of shiftwork. However, before recommending any optimal shift schedule, interactions of sleep duration and quality with shift schedules need much further evaluation. Received: 18 December 1995/Accepted: 18 July 1996