重症患者两种撤机方式的比较

目的 比较SmartCare/PS(SC)和压力支持通气(PSV)模式在重症患者中的撤机效果.方法 将41例行机械通气的重症患者,在满足临床撤机条件后,随机分为SC组(n=21)和PSV组(n=20),分别采用SC和PSV模式撤机.记录撤机时间、总通气时间(TVT)、人工操作次数,以及再插管率、气管切开率、气胸发生率和呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)发生率.结果 SC组撤机时间、TVT较PSV组明显缩短(P<0.05);SC组人工操作次数较PSV组明显减少(P<0.05);两组再插管率、气管切开率、气胸发生率和VAP发生率差异无统计学意义.结论 SC模式可缩短重症患者的撤机时间、TVT和减轻医务人员工作量.     

脓毒症诊疗热点与争议

脓毒症是重症医学科最常见的疾病之一,因常并发多器官功能障碍（multiple organ dysfunction,MOD）,救治困难,死亡率极高。但随着认识的深入,新的诊疗方法应运而生;同时,基于循证医学证据的治疗指南的推广应用,尤其是2008年脓毒症生存运动指南的普及,脓毒症的死亡率近两年呈下降趋势。现对近年来脓毒症诊疗的相关热点问题进行讨论。     

关节镜下GⅡ锚钉固定治疗肩关节Bankart损伤

目的探讨关节镜下GⅡ锚钉固定治疗肩关节Bankart损伤的疗效。方法对3例肩关节不同类型Bankart损伤的患者行关节镜下GⅡ锚钉固定、缝合关节囊重建撕裂的盂唇。术后按常规康复治疗。结果 3例均获随访,时间分别为9、11、8个月,无复发脱位。UCLA评分由术前23.4、21.8、24.7分提高至术后32.8、32.5、40.2分,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论关节镜下GⅡ锚钉固定治疗肩关节Bankart损伤切口小,愈合快,疗效好。     

皮肤鳞状细胞癌Fas和FADD表达的差异性分析

目的：观察死亡受体（Fas）、Fas相关死亡结构域（Fas-associ ated death domain,FADD）在皮肤鳞状细胞癌（SCC）组织中的表达情况,分析其表达差异及意义。方法：应用免疫组织化学SABC法对27例SCC组织的石蜡切片及10例正常皮肤组织的切片分别进行Fas、FADD染色,在光学显微镜下观察并计数其阳性细胞,根据阳性细胞平均表达积分来判定。结果采用t检验和等级相关分析。结果：①Fas、FADD在10例正常皮肤组织中表达均为阳性,平均表达积分3.10±0.87、3.20±0.63;②Fas在27例SCC组织中的平均表达积分2.19±1.14,低于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;FADD在27例SCC组织中的平均表达积分2.15±1.40,低于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;③在27例SCC组织中,Fas、FADD蛋白表达程度与病理分级呈正相关,有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：①Fas和FADD共同的低表达,可能参与了皮肤SCC的发生发展;②Fas、FADD蛋白的异常表达程度与皮肤SCC的恶性程度有关,同时检测两个蛋白的表达情况,有助于判断皮肤SCC的病理分级,有可能作为反映鳞状细胞癌预后的指标。     

东方人耳部瘢痕疙瘩综合治疗方法探讨

目的 探讨东方人耳部瘢痕疙瘩综合治疗的有效性.方法 采用手术切除瘢痕疙瘩,直接缝合或转移皮瓣修复,于手术切除后早期（24 h内）联合X线或电子线局部放射治疗,每日1次,共3～5次,7 d拆线后局部注射激素类抗瘢痕药物治疗,每2周1次,视切口愈合情况逐渐减量停药.结果 共治疗48例,除由于各种原凶失访12例外,36例随访1～3年,其中治愈30例（83.3%）,显效4例（11.1%）,总有效率94.4%.结论 手术切除病损,联合早期局部放射治疗及拆线时局部定期注射激素类抗瘢痕药物,是综合治疗耳部瘢痕疙瘩防止复发的有效方法.     

限制性液体治疗对胆道手术后并发症的影响

目的 探讨限制性液体治疗对胆道手术后并发症的影响.方法 前瞻性分析2006年10月至2008年3月南京军区南京总医院收治的168例接受胆道手术患者的临床资料.所有患者于术前按照封闭信封法随机分成研究组(采用限制性液体治疗,85例)和对照组(采用常规液体治疗,83例).观察两组患者补液量的差异,比较两组患者术后全身并发症发生率、腹部并发症发生率、总体并发症发生率、肠道功能恢复时间、住院时间、病死率的差异.采用x2检验、t检验及Fisher确切概率法对数据进行分析.结果 研究组和对照组术中静脉补液总量的中位值分别为1450 ml和2420 ml,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(t=-5.067,P<0.05).研究组静脉晶体补充量的中位值为850 ml,显著少于对照组的1500 ml(t=-15.190,P<0.05).研究组术后全身并发症发生率和总体并发症发生率分别为9%(8/85)和19%(16/85),低于对照组的22%(18/83)和30%(25/83).两组患者全身并发症发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(x2=4.837,P<0.05).研究组肠道功能恢复时间和住院时间分别为2 d和9 d,显著短于对照组的4 d和12 d(t=-8.102,-2.003,P<0.05).研究组和对照组病死率分别为2%(2/85)和4%(3/83),两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 限制性液体治疗降低了胆道手术后并发症的发生率,缩短住院时间,促进患者的术后恢复.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effects of intravenous fluid restriction on complications after biliary surgery.Methods The clinical data of 168 patients who received biliary surgery at the Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command from October 2006 to March 2008 were prospectively analyzed.All patients were randomly divided into test group(85 patients received fluid restriction treatment)and control group(83 patients received conventional treatment)by the sealed envelope method.The difference in the fluid volume between the 2groups was observed.Differences in systemic complication rate,local complication rate,general complication rate,time to bowl movement,length of hospital stay and mortality between the 2 groups were compared.All data were analyzed using the chi-square test,t test,Fisher exact test,Results The median total volumes of fluid in test group and control group were 1450 ml and 2420 ml,respectively,with significant difference between the 2 groups (t=-5.067,P<0.05).The median volumes of erystalloid solution in the test group was 850 ml,which was significantly lower than 1500 ml of the control group(t=-15.190,P<0.05).The postoperative systemic complication rate and general complication rate of the test group were 9%(8/85)and 19%(16/85),which were lower than 22%(18/83)and 30%(25/83)of the control group.There was a significant difference in the postoperative systemic complication rate between the test group and the control group(x2=4.837,P<0.05).The time to bowl movement and length of hospital stay were 2 days and 9 days in the restriction fluid group,which were significantly shorter than4 days and 12 days in the control group(t=-8.102,-2.003,P<0.05).The mortalities of test group and control group were 2%(2/85)and 4%(3/83),respectively,with no significant difference between the 2 groups(P>0.05).Conclusion Fluid restriction reduces the complication rate,shortens the length of hospital stay and accelerates recovery after biliary operation.     

不同Risser征的胸弯青少年特发性脊柱侧凸前路矫形术后矢状面重建

 目的 探讨不同Risser征的胸弯青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, AIS）行前路矫形术后胸椎及远端腰椎矢状面的重建模式。
方法 分析2002年6月至2006年11月行胸弯前路矫形内固定术且有2年完整随访资料的L enke 1型AIS患者43例,男3例,女40例;年龄11~18岁,平均（14.1±1.7）岁;胸弯Cobb角39°~ 65°,平均46.0°±7.5°。按照患者Risser征评分分为：A组（Risser 0）、B组（Risser 1～3）和C组（Risser 4～5）。分别测量这三组患者术前及术后历次随访时的胸弯Cobb角、腰弯Cobb角、胸椎后凸角、腰椎前凸角、内固定远端交界性后凸角、胸腰椎交界性后凸及骶骨后上缘与C 7铅垂线的距离。
结果 三组患者均获得随访,随访时间24~60个月,平均27.4个月。末次随访时,A组胸腰椎交界性后凸角为6.6°,较术前的- 1.7°增大8.3°;B组为0.6°,较术前的- 7.3°增大7.9°;C组术后历次随访与术前均无显著性差异。三组患者胸椎后凸角分别为21.2°、18.4°和14.7°,胸椎后凸角历次随访时的变化无统计学差异。三组患者的内固定远端交界性后凸角均表现为前凸丢失,后凸增大。
结论 低Risser征的Lenke 1型AIS患者行前路矫形内固定术后胸椎后凸角及胸腰椎交界性后凸增加,可能与胸椎后份生长后矢状面重建引起的胸腰椎交界区失代偿有关。     

七氟醚预先给药对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注时细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨七氟醚预先给药对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注时细胞凋亡的影响.方法 健康清洁级雄性SD大鼠30只,体重220～260 g,采用随机数字表法,将大鼠随机分为3组(n=10):对照组(C组)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组)、七氟醚组(S组).I/R组和S组采用夹闭左肾蒂45 min后恢复再灌注的方法 建立肾脏缺血再灌注模型,C组腹部正中切口,右肾切除,左肾蒂游离后,缝合腹腔;S组模型制备前30 min开始吸入2.2%七氟醚和氧气的混合气体至再灌注3 h.于再灌注3 h时采集下腔静脉血样5 ml,测定血清尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)浓度,然后取肾组织,光镜下观察肾组织病理学结果,TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡,计算细胞凋亡指数,采用RT-PCR和Western blot法测定血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)mRNA及蛋白表达水平.结果 与C组比较,I/R组和S组血清BUN、Cr浓度、肾脏近曲小管坏死程度、细胞凋亡指数升高,HO-1 mRNA和蛋白表达上调(P＜0.05);与I/R组比较,S组血清BUN、Cr浓度、细胞凋亡指数、肾脏近曲小管坏死程度降低,HO-1 mRNA表达上调(P＜0.05).结论 七氟醚预先给药可通过抑制细胞凋亡而减轻大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤,其抑制细胞凋亡作用可能与HO-1 mRNA表达上调有关.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effects of sevoflurane pretreatment on renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced apoptosis in kidney in rats. Methods Thirty pathogen-free male SD rats weighing 220-260 g were randomized into 3 groups (n=10 each):group control (group C);group I/R and group sevoflurane(group S). Renal I/R was induced by clamping the left renal pedicle for 45 min in I/R and S groups. In group S inhalation of 2.2% sevoflurane in O2 was started at 30 min before operation and maintained throughout the experiment.Venous blood samples were taken at 3 h of reperfusion for determination of serum BUN and Cr concentrations. The animals were then sacrificed and the left kidneys were removed for microscopic examination, detection of apoptosis(by TUNEL)and determination of heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) mRNA and protein expression (by RT-PCR and Western blot).Results Renal I/R significantly increased serum BUN and Cr concentrations, apoptotic index(percentage of apoptotic cells) and the severity of necrosis of renal proximal convoluted tubules (0=normal,4=necrosis of whole segment of proximal convoluted tubules).Sevoflurane inhalation attenuated the I/R-induced changes mentioned above.HO-1 mRNA and protein expression was up-regulated by I/R and HO-1 mRNA expression was further up-regulated by sevoflurane inhalation.Conclusion Sevoflurane pretreatment can protect kidney against I/R injury by attenuating cell apoptosis.Up-regulation of HO-1 mRNA expression may be involved in the mechanism.     

他克莫司缓释胶囊与他克莫司胶囊的临床对照试验

目的 比较和评价首次肾移植受者使用他克莫司缓释胶囊和他克莫司胶囊治疗的安全性和有效性.方法 11家中心的241例肾移植受者随机分配为试验组(应用他克莫司缓释胶囊+吗替麦考酚酯+皮质激素)和对照组(应用他克莫司胶囊+吗替麦考酚酯+皮质激素),观察时间从移植当天至术后12周.试验组受试者每天上午一次性服用他克莫司缓释胶囊,对照组受试者每天早晚分2次服用他克莫司胶囊.两组试验药物的起始剂量均为0.1～0.15 mg·kg-1·d-1.分别在治疗前和治疗后第1、3、7、14、28、56和84 d各随访1次.对两组受者用药的有效性、安全性、依从性以及不良反应进行对比分析.结果 进入符合方案分析集者共223例,其中试验组111例,对照组112例.两组受者的平均年龄、性别、原发病的差异均无统计学意义,各有12例发生急性排斥反应.对照组和试验组分别有36例(32.1%)和37例(33.3%)发生与试验药物相关的不良反应.无受者连续3 d未按照方案服用药物.两组治疗后期较治疗前期的服药量均减少,且组内差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).治疗早期两组血他克莫司浓度较接近,从28 d开始,试验组血药浓度低于对照组,但差异无统计学意义.结论 从药物安全性、药物治疗的有效性、相关不良反应以及受者依从性各方面分析显示,每天1次的他可莫司缓释胶囊均非劣效于每天2次的他克莫司胶囊,在临床应用中,用他克莫司缓释胶囊代替他克莫司胶囊是切实可行的.

Abstract：

Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of twice-daily tacrolimus (Tacrolimus BID; Prograf) vs once-daily prolonged release tacrolimus (Tacrolimus QD; Advagraf), combined with steroids and mycophenolate mofetil in preventing acute rejection in De Novo renal transplantation patients. Methods 241 patients from 11 centers were randomized into two groups with 3 months observation period post-transplantation. Advagraf was administered as a single oral dose in the morning (initially 0. 1-0. 15 mg/kg every day) and Prograf was administered in two equal oral doses 12h apart (initially 0. 1-0. 15 mg/kg). Study visits were scheduled for days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, 84post-transplantion. The efficacy, safety, compliance and adverse effects were compared between two groups. Results Totally 223 patients completed the study. The two groups were comparable in age,gender and primary disease. There were 12 episodes of acute rejection in each group. There was no graft loss or patient death in both groups. The incidence of drug related adverse events was 32. 1 %and 33. 3% respectively in the control and experimental groups. Dosage was decreased in both groups and there was significant difference in each group. The trough level was similar at the initiate period.Twenty-eight days post-transplantation the trough level in the Advagraf group was lower than in the Prograf group. Conclusion Advagraf has the same efficacy, safety and drug related adverse effects as Prograf. It is practical and feasible for Advagraf substitute for Prograf in clinical practice.     

急性肾损伤是影响心脏手术后患者长期生存的危险因素

目的 了解心脏术后急性肾损害（AKI）患者的长期预后情况及探讨有关危险因素。 方法 选择2004年1月1日至2007年6月30日本院所有行心脏手术,且存活出院的患者,门诊或电话随访患者的生存情况至2010年2月28日。回顾性收集患者术前、术中、术后的临床及实验室资料,观察患者术后长期生存率及肾功能情况。应用Cox回归方程分析与患者长期生存相关的危险因素。 结果 共941例心脏手术患者,术后发生过AKI患者275例（29.2%）,非AKI患者666例（70.8%）。在总共46.5个月（34.5,59.2）的随访过程中,术后发生过AKI的患者生存率显著低于非AKI患者（67.8%比85.6%,P < 0.01）,且随着AKI严重程度的增加,生存率逐渐下降（AKIN 1、2和3期患者的生存率分别为70.7%、62.3%和58.6%, P < 0.01）。AKI组中90.5%的患者出院时肾功能完全恢复至基线水平,但随访期间生存率仍显著低于非AKI组患者（69.6%比85.6%,P < 0.01）。Cox回归分析显示年龄增加（年龄每增加20 岁,HR=2.238）、术前贫血（HR=1.625）、手术时间延长（每增加1 h,HR=1.153）、AKI的发生及分期增加（每增加1期,HR=1.473）是患者长期预后不良的独立危险因素。随访结束时,AKI组患者的Scr显著高于非AKI组（107.6 μmol/L比83.0 μmol/L,P = 0.014）;AKI组中34.0%患者进入了CKD 3~5期。出院后5年34.8%的AKI患者发生Scr翻倍。 结论 心脏手术后AKI是影响患者长期生存的独立危险因素,即使AKI后Scr值恢复到基线水平,长期的患者预后和肾脏预后仍然较差。