Risk factors of influenza transmission in households.

BACKGROUND: Influenza transmission in households is a subject of renewed interest, as the vaccination of children is currently under debate and antiviral treatments have been approved for prophylactic use. AIMS: To quantify the risk factors of influenza transmission in households. DESIGN OF STUDY: A prospective study conducted during the 1999 to 2000 winter season in France. SETTING: Nine hundred and forty-six households where a member, the index patient, had visited their general practitioner (GP) because of an influenza-like illness were enrolled in the study. Five hundred and ten of the index patients tested positive for influenza A (subtype H3N2). A standardised daily questionnaire allowed for identification of secondary cases of influenza among their household contacts, who were followed-up for 15 days. Of the 395 (77%) households that completed the questionnaire, we selected 279 where no additional cases had occurred on the day of the index patient's visit to the GP. METHODS: Secondary cases of influenza were those household contacts who had developed clinical influenza within 5 days of the disease onset in the index patient. Hazard ratios for individual clinical and demographic characteristics of the contact and their index patient were derived from a Cox regression model. RESULTS: Overall in the 279 households, 131 (24.1%) secondary cases occurred among the 543 household contacts. There was an increased risk of influenza transmission in preschool contacts (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09 to 3.26) as compared with school-age and adult contacts. There was also an increased risk in contacts exposed to preschool index patients (HR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.09 to 3.42) and school-age index patients (HR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.07 to 2.65), compared with those exposed to adult index cases. No other factor was associated with transmission of the disease. CONCLUSION: Our results support the major role of children in the dissemination of influenza in households. Vaccination of children or prophylaxis with neuraminidase inhibitors would prevent, respectively, 32-38% and 21-41% of secondary cases caused by exposure to a sick child in the household.     

超声诊断不典型胃穿孔1例

<正> 患者男性,52岁,突发上腹痛6 h来诊。疼痛呈持续性,无放射痛,无呕吐、腹泻、黄疸。既往有胃溃疡病史。查体:神清,T37.8℃,痛苦面容,平卧位,巩膜皮肤无黄染,心肺(-),上腹部压痛,轻度肌卫,无反跳痛,肝浊音界存在,移动性浊音(-),肠鸣音减弱。化验:WBC12.0×10~9/L、中性0.87。腹     

局部注射IL-12治疗小鼠皮下肿瘤的实验研究

目的:探讨局部应用白细胞介素-12(IL-12)对于小鼠皮下肿瘤的治疗作用.方法:小鼠右侧腹部皮下注射2x105 个Panc-02细胞建立皮下肿瘤模型.皮下肿瘤被检测24d,通过测量的皮下肿瘤的两个直径以计算出肿瘤大小(mm2).分为IL-12治疗组和对照组,每组6只小鼠.从第3～7天,IL-2治疗组,每天在肿瘤周围注射0.1 μg IL-12,对照组同时同部注射同量平衡盐水.结果:与对照组相比,IL-12治疗组从第7天开始Panc-02肿瘤的生长出现受到抑制.第10天,IL-12治疗组[(13.8±8.7) mm2]与对照组[(36.4±8.5) mm2],(P＜0.05)之间的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).第24天,两组之间的差异更加明显[(66.5±50.4) mm2 VS (264.4±46.4 )mm2, P＜0.01].结论:肿瘤周围注射IL-12明显抑制Panc-02皮下肿瘤的生长,为应用于临床肿瘤治疗提供可能性.     

Information Fusing Recognition of Traditional Chinese Medicine （TCM） Pulse State Based on Stochastic Fuzzy Neural Network

Based on the fuzzy characteristic of the pulse state and syndromes differentiation thinking mode of TCM, an information fusing recognition method of pulse states based on SFNN （Stochastic Fuzzy Neural Network） is presented in this paper. With the learning ability in parameters and structure, SFNN fuses the measurement information of three pulse-state sensors distributed in Cun, Guan, and Chi location of body for the pulse state recognition. The experimental results show that the percentage of correct recognition with new method is higher than that by single-data recognition one, with fewer off-line train numbers.     

疝环充填式无张力疝修补术262例体会

目的 探讨疝环充填式无张力修补术治疗腹股沟疝的经验并评价其临床价值.方法 回顾总结2000年1月至2007年6月疝环充填式无张力修补术治疗腹股沟疝262例临床资料,其中伴随高血压、冠心病、糖尿病、慢性呼吸系统疾病、便秘、前列腺肥大等238例,占90.8%.结果 全组均治愈,手术时间平均41分钟,无切口感染,术后4～7天出院,平均住院5天,随访3～64个月,疝复发1例,为0.4%.结论 该方法操作简便,符合腹股沟区生理解剖特点,强调对高龄患者的术前准备,强调严格的无菌操作,强调充填物放置到位和充填后修补到位是避免术后复发的关键.     

纽邦WAVE E200呼吸机常见故障分析与检修二例

本文将对呼吸机以下两种常见故障进行简要分析:①呼吸机在抢救病人过程中出现自动切断电源②呼吸机气道口湿度报警。     

Insulin reduces the BOLD response but is without effect on the VEP during presentation of a visual task in humans.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) based on blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) contrast has become an invaluable tool in the assessment of in vivo neuronal activation. Quantification of the BOLD response is determined by the hemodynamic and metabolic changes that occur in response to brain stimulation. However, these changes may vary by changes in insulin, a hormone known to be vasoactive in some tissues. To determine if insulin has an effect on fMRI, we measured the BOLD response to a visual stimulus in five normal volunteers in which insulin was first suppressed and then brought to a high physiological concentration. In addition, we also examined the effect of insulin on activation of the visual cortex as measured by the visual-evoked potential (VEP). We found that the BOLD response measured in the presence of insulin (serum insulin=236+/-29 pmol/L) was significantly lower (P<0.001) than that measured in its absence (serum insulin=8+/-2 pmol/L). Insulin was without effect on P100 amplitude or latency acquired in the presence or absence of insulin in 28 subjects using the same stimulus as that used for the fMRI experiments. Our observations suggest that insulin may have effects on cerebral blood flow and/or metabolism that affect the BOLD signal that are independent of its effects on neuronal activation identified by event related potentials (ERP). These findings highlight the complexity that must be considered when interpreting differences in fMRI responses between groups of subjects that differ in insulin concentration and/or insulin sensitivity.