Lewis Histo-Blood Group System and Associated Secretory Phenotypes

This review summarises present knowledge of the chemistry, immunology, genetics and clinical significance of antibodies in the Lewis and secretor histoblood group systems. Although red cell serology has laid the foundations for these systems, more recent advances have been made by studying Lewis and related glycoconjugates with monoclonal antibodies, determining structures by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, identifying enzymes and their specificities, and identifying the genes by molecular biology. The expression of Lewis system antigens is dependent on Lewis and secretor loci. Fucosyltransferases coded by genes at these loci compete and interact with each other and with other transferases to determine an individual's Lewis and secretor phenotype. Exocrine epithelial cells, mostly of endodermal origin, synthesise the Lewis antigens which, as plasma glycolipids, are secondarily acquired by cells of the peripheral circulation. Phenotyping red cells is often regarded as a simple way of determining the Lewis and sometimes the secretor status of an individual; however, the red cell phenotype is influenced by many factors and may not necessarily reflect someone's Lewis and secretor genotypes. Two main red cell Lewis groups are usually found, Lewis negative and Lewis positive. In Lewis-negative individuals, the secretor genotype does not affect the Lewis phenotype, but in Lewis-positive individuals, the non-secretor genotype generates the Le(a+b–) phenotype, the secretor genotype causes the Le(a–b+) phenotype, and the partial secretor genotype gives rise to the Le(a+b+) phenotype.     

无张力疝修补术后顽固性疼痛原因和对策

目的 探讨无张力疝修补术后的顽固性疼痛病因及预防治疗。方法 将同期无张力疝修补术与传统的腹股沟疝修补方法进行比较。结果 无张力疝修补术后的顽固性疼痛率为9．02％(12／133)，传统的腹股沟疝修补方法疼痛率为8．61％(18／209)。无张力疝修补与传统的腹股沟疝修补相比，术后顽固性疼痛的发生率差异无显著性(P＞0．05)。结论 无张力疝修补并不一定减少传统的腹股沟疝修补术后顽固性疼痛，手术规范操作是预防的关键，治疗应先保守治疗，无效再考虑手术治疗。     

扩散法被动式甲醛个体监测器（Ⅱ型）的研制

介绍了一种基于气体分子扩散原理的被动式甲醛个体采样器，它是在Ⅰ型采样器的基础上完成的。采用甘油（２０％）／偏重亚硫酸钠（０．２５％）浸渍的定量滤纸（φ４２ｍｍ）作为吸收层，空气中甲醛扩散到吸收层上，形成稳定的化合物。采样一定时间后，取出吸收层，洗脱后，用ＡＨＭＴ化学比色法测定所采集到的甲醛。这种采样器的平均采样速率为８３ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，标准偏差为７．２ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，与有动力吸收管采样的方法相比较，总不确定度小于±２５％。     

病理性损伤因素对肾小管上皮细胞表型转化的影响

目的 :观察低血清、高糖、高蛋白刺激下肾小管上皮细胞向间叶性细胞的表型转化 ,探讨损伤的肾小管上皮细胞在肾小管间质纤维化中的作用。方法 :以体外培养的人近端肾小管上皮细胞为对象 ,分别用含低血清(0 .2mol·L-1小牛血清 )、高葡萄糖 (4.5 g·L-1)、高白蛋白 (15 g·L-1)的培养液培养 7d ,透射电镜检测细胞形态变化 ;免疫组化和Westernblot检测细胞表型改变 ,包括CK、Vimentin、α SMA、Ⅰ和Ⅲ型胶原 ,原位杂交检测Ⅰ型胶原mRNA表达 ,同时检测细胞TGFβ1蛋白表达。 结果 :低血清、高糖、高蛋白直接刺激下 ,肾小管上皮细胞出现明显形态学改变 ,包括细胞变为长梭形 ;透射电镜下细胞内线粒体明显减少 ,粗面内质网明显增加 ,并出现actin样微丝。免疫组化染色和Westernblot显示CK表达明显减弱 ,Vimentin、Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原、α SMA和TGFβ1表达增强。原位杂交显示Ⅰ型胶原mRNA表达增强。结论 :低血清、高糖、高蛋白可直接引起人近端肾小管上皮细胞TGFβ1表达增加 ,并发生向间叶性细胞的表型转化     

Adenoid cystic carcinoma: DNA as a prognostic indicator

A retrospective study was performed on 20 patients with adenoid cystic carcinomas of major salivary glands to see if DNA. patterns correlated with their prognoses. Fourteen tumors were found to be DNA. diploid; 6 were DNA aneuploid. Histologically, all DNA-aneu-ploid tumors had solid components, compared with only 5 of the DNA-diploid tumors. All of the DNA-aneuploid tumors recurred, in contrast to only 2 of the DNA-diploid tumors; the difference was highly significant (P<0.001). All of the patients with no recurrences had DNA-diploid tumors. In our study, DNA measurements of adenoid cystic carcinomas gave statistically significant information about prognosis and correlated to histological grading. We propose that evaluation of DNA content may be performed before planning the treatment of adenoid cystic carcinomas.     

单侧鼻前庭切口经蝶切除垂体腺瘤

对１６例垂体腺瘤采用单侧鼻前庭切口经蝶切除，效果满意，既可减少手术创伤，又缩短了手术距离，且避免了美容缺陷，是一种设计巧妙，较为实用的手术方法，尤其适用于生长激素腺瘤。     

Assessment of exposure to arsenic among smelter workers: A five-year follow-up

In a group of 43 smelter workers exposed to inorganic arsenic dust for 13-45 years, nerve conduction velocities (NCVs) were significantly lower in two peripheral nerves as compared with matching referents. With multivariate data analysis, a significant negative correlation was found between cumulative absorption of arsenic and NCV in four examined nerves and the sural amplitude. Clinical symptoms of neuropathy and other symptoms related to arsenic exposure were moderate, though the difference between the groups was significant. The mean total absorption of arsenic was calculated to be less than 5 g, and the maximal absorption about 20 g. These data indicate that the adverse effect of arsenic on the peripheral nerves is dependent on long-term exposure rather than on short-term fluctuations in exposure levels. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

胸主动脉夹层动脉瘤腔内隔绝术手术入路的探讨

目的 探讨为胸主动脉夹层动脉瘤(TAD)行腔内隔绝术(EVE)选择合适的导入动脉。方法 以彩超，CTA或MRA为检查手段，评估导入动脉(股动脉、髂总动脉、腹主动脉下段等)的直径大小(≥8mm)、有否硬化斑块、狭窄、是否被夹层累及、有否扭曲及其程度，从而选择具体的手术入路。结果 本组37例TAD行EVE术所选择经股动脉手术入路23例、经髂总动脉手术入路14例。未选择经腹主动脉下段手术入路。即时操作成功率为100％。结论 合理的选择导入动脉作为手术入路，是EVE手术治疗TAD顺利完成的要点。     

主动吸入药物烟对大鼠一氧化氮的影响

目的　探讨主动吸入药物烟对大鼠NO的影响。方法　制备大鼠主动吸烟模型 ,采用硝酸还原酶法测定各组大鼠血清、肺、心肌及脑组织的NO含量。结果　非药物烟组大鼠血清、肺、心肌及脑组织中NO含量明显低于非给烟对照组 ,药物烟高、中剂量组NO含量明显高于非药物烟组 ,接近非给烟对照组。结论　吸烟对大鼠血液、肺、心肌及脑组织有不同程度的损伤作用 ,使NO含量降低 ;药物烟具有一定的保护和防止NO含量降低的作用。