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141.
Oral Diseases (2010) 16 , 221–232 Practitioners of oral medicine frequently encounter patients with complaints of taste disturbance. While some such complaints represent pathological processes specific to the gustatory system, per se, this is rarely the case. Unless taste‐bud mediated qualities such as sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami, chalky, or metallic are involved, ‘taste’ dysfunction inevitably reflects damage to the sense of smell. Such ‘taste’ sensations as chicken, chocolate, coffee, raspberry, steak sauce, pizza, and hamburger are dependent upon stimulation of the olfactory receptors via the nasopharynx during deglutition. In this paper, we briefly review the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the olfactory system, along with means for clinically assessing its function. The prevalence, etiology, and nature of olfactory disorders commonly encountered in the dental clinic are addressed, along with approaches to therapy and patient management. 相似文献
142.
RK Verma I Bhattacharyya A Sevilla I Lieberman S Pola M Nair SM Wallet I Aukhil L Kesavalu 《Oral diseases》2010,16(7):686-695
Oral Diseases (2010) 16 , 686–695 Objective: This study was designed to test the hypothesis that periodontal pathogens Tannerella forsythia and Porphyromonas gingivalis are synergistic in terms of virulence potential using a model of mixed‐microbial infection in rats. Materials and methods: Three groups of rats were infected orally with either T. forsythia or P. gingivalis in mono‐bacterial infections or as mixed‐microbial infections for 12 weeks and a sham‐infected group were used as a control. This study examined bacterial infection, inflammation, immunity, and alveolar bone loss changes with disease progression. Results: Tannerella forsythia and P. gingivalis genomic DNA was detected in microbial samples from infected rats by PCR indicating their colonization in the rat oral cavity. Primary infection induced significantly high IgG, IgG2b, IgG1, and IgG2a antibody levels indicating activation of mixed Th1 and Th2 immune responses. Rats infected with the mixed‐microbial consortium exhibited significantly increased palatal horizontal and interproximal alveolar bone loss. Histological examinations indicated significant hyperplasia of the gingival epithelium with moderate inflammatory infiltration and apical migration of junctional epithelium. The results observed differ compared to uninfected controls. Conclusion: Our results indicated that T. forsythia and P. gingivalis exhibit virulence, but not virulence synergy, resulting in the immuno‐inflammatory responses and lack of humoral immune protection during periodontitis in rats. 相似文献
143.
Background and purpose:
In vitro evidence suggests that metabolism of anandamide by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) may be more important when the primary metabolic pathway [i.e. fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)] is inhibited. Thus, the first aim of the present study was to assess the effects of COX-2 and/or FAAH inhibition, on the cardiovascular actions of anandamide. The second aim was to compare the effects of anandamide with those of the metabolically stable analogue (i.e. methanandamide) and investigate mechanisms involved in responses to the latter in conscious rats.Experimental approach:
Rats were chronically instrumented for recording blood pressure, heart rate and renal, mesenteric and hindquarters vascular conductances in the freely moving state.Key results:
Inhibition of FAAH with URB597 (cyclohexycarbamic acid 3′-carbamoyl-biphenyl-3-yl-ester) augmented the haemodynamic actions of anandamide, but there was no effect of COX-2 inhibition with parecoxib, either in the absence or the presence of URB597. Methanandamide caused CB1 receptor-mediated renal and mesenteric vasoconstriction and evoked β2-adrenoceptor-mediated hindquarters vasodilatation.Conclusions and implications:
No evidence for an involvement of COX-2 in the systemic cardiovascular actions of anandamide could be demonstrated. Vasoconstrictor actions of methanandamide were shown to involve CB1 receptors, whereas no involvement of CB1 receptors in such actions of anandamide has been shown. However, β2-adrenoceptor-mediated hindquarters vasodilatation, independent of CB1 receptors, observed here with methanandamide, has previously been seen with anandamide and differs from previous results with other synthetic cannabinoids for which the response was CB1 receptor-dependent. Thus, mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular actions of endocannabinoids and synthetic analogues appear to be agonist-specific. 相似文献144.
KD McCloskey UA Anderson RA Davidson YR Bayguinov KM Sanders SM Ward 《British journal of pharmacology》2009,156(2):273-283
Background and purpose:
W/Wv and wild-type murine bladders were studied to determine whether the W/Wv phenotype, which causes a reduction in, but not abolition of, tyrosine kinase activity, is a useful tool to study the function of bladder interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC).Experimental approach:
Immunohistochemistry, tension recordings and microelectrode recordings of membrane potential were performed on wild-type and mutant bladders.Key results:
Wild-type and W/Wv detrusors contained c-Kit- and vimentin-immunopositive cells in comparable quantities, distribution and morphology. Electrical field stimulation evoked tetrodotoxin-sensitive contractions in wild-type and W/Wv detrusor strips. Atropine reduced wild-type responses by 50% whereas a 25% reduction occurred in W/Wv strips. The atropine-insensitive component was blocked by pyridoxal-5-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2′,4′-disulphonic acid in both tissue types. Wild-type and W/Wv detrusors had similar resting membrane potentials of −48 mV. Spontaneous electrical activity in both tissue types comprised action potentials and unitary potentials. Action potentials were nifedipine-sensitive whereas unitary potentials were not. Excitatory junction potentials were evoked by single pulses in both tissues. These were reduced by atropine in wild-type tissues but not in W/Wv preparations. The atropine-insensitive component was abolished by pyridoxal-5-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2′,4′-disulphonic acid in both preparations.Conclusions and implications:
Bladders from W/Wv mice contain c-Kit- and vimentin-immunopositive ICC. There are similarities in the electrical and contractile properties of W/Wv and wild-type detrusors. However, significant differences were found in the pharmacology of the responses to neurogenic stimulation with an apparent up-regulation of the purinergic component. These findings indicate that the W/Wv strain may not be the best model to study ICC function in the bladder. 相似文献145.
Animal models for osteoarthritis: the effect of ovariectomy and estrogen treatment - a systematic approach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sniekers YH Weinans H Bierma-Zeinstra SM van Leeuwen JP van Osch GJ 《Osteoarthritis and cartilage / OARS, Osteoarthritis Research Society》2008,16(5):533-541
OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) increases dramatically in women after the age of 50. Animal models are used to study the effects of hormone depletion [by ovariectomy (OVX)] and estrogen treatment on OA. This review summarizes these animal studies, in order to get a better insight in the role of hormones on OA. METHOD: The literature was systematically reviewed until May 2007. The results were divided into two parts: the effect of OVX on cartilage, and the effect of estrogen treatment on cartilage. Only studies with an appropriate control group (e.g., sham-operated) were included. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Eleven out of 16 animal studies showed that OVX resulted in cartilage damage. When only studies using sexually mature animals were included, we saw that 11 out of 14 studies showed a detrimental effect, indicating considerable evidence for a relation between cartilage degeneration and OVX in mature animals. The effect of estrogen treatment was inconclusive with only 11 out of 22 animal studies reporting a beneficial effect on cartilage, whereas all six studies administering selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) after OVX described protective effects. The discrepancy between the studies may be caused by the large variation in experimental set-up. We suggested a list of quality criteria for animal models since standardisation of design and outcome parameters of animal experiments may help to compare different studies and to gain better insight in the role of hormones in the osteoarthritic process. 相似文献
146.
OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis, Part II: OARSI evidence-based, expert consensus guidelines 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zhang W Moskowitz RW Nuki G Abramson S Altman RD Arden N Bierma-Zeinstra S Brandt KD Croft P Doherty M Dougados M Hochberg M Hunter DJ Kwoh K Lohmander LS Tugwell P 《Osteoarthritis and cartilage / OARS, Osteoarthritis Research Society》2008,16(2):137-162
PURPOSE: To develop concise, patient-focussed, up to date, evidence-based, expert consensus recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA), which are adaptable and designed to assist physicians and allied health care professionals in general and specialist practise throughout the world. METHODS: Sixteen experts from four medical disciplines (primary care, rheumatology, orthopaedics and evidence-based medicine), two continents and six countries (USA, UK, France, Netherlands, Sweden and Canada) formed the guidelines development team. A systematic review of existing guidelines for the management of hip and knee OA published between 1945 and January 2006 was undertaken using the validated appraisal of guidelines research and evaluation (AGREE) instrument. A core set of management modalities was generated based on the agreement between guidelines. Evidence before 2002 was based on a systematic review conducted by European League Against Rheumatism and evidence after 2002 was updated using MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, the Cochrane Library and HTA reports. The quality of evidence was evaluated, and where possible, effect size (ES), number needed to treat, relative risk or odds ratio and cost per quality-adjusted life years gained were estimated. Consensus recommendations were produced following a Delphi exercise and the strength of recommendation (SOR) for propositions relating to each modality was determined using a visual analogue scale. RESULTS: Twenty-three treatment guidelines for the management of hip and knee OA were identified from the literature search, including six opinion-based, five evidence-based and 12 based on both expert opinion and research evidence. Twenty out of 51 treatment modalities addressed by these guidelines were universally recommended. ES for pain relief varied from treatment to treatment. Overall there was no statistically significant difference between non-pharmacological therapies [0.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16, 0.34] and pharmacological therapies (ES=0.39, 95% CI 0.31, 0.47). Following feedback from Osteoarthritis Research International members on the draft guidelines and six Delphi rounds consensus was reached on 25 carefully worded recommendations. Optimal management of patients with OA hip or knee requires a combination of non-pharmacological and pharmacological modalities of therapy. Recommendations cover the use of 12 non-pharmacological modalities: education and self-management, regular telephone contact, referral to a physical therapist, aerobic, muscle strengthening and water-based exercises, weight reduction, walking aids, knee braces, footwear and insoles, thermal modalities, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and acupuncture. Eight recommendations cover pharmacological modalities of treatment including acetaminophen, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) non-selective and selective oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), topical NSAIDs and capsaicin, intra-articular injections of corticosteroids and hyaluronates, glucosamine and/or chondroitin sulphate for symptom relief; glucosamine sulphate, chondroitin sulphate and diacerein for possible structure-modifying effects and the use of opioid analgesics for the treatment of refractory pain. There are recommendations covering five surgical modalities: total joint replacements, unicompartmental knee replacement, osteotomy and joint preserving surgical procedures; joint lavage and arthroscopic debridement in knee OA, and joint fusion as a salvage procedure when joint replacement had failed. Strengths of recommendation and 95% CIs are provided. CONCLUSION: Twenty-five carefully worded recommendations have been generated based on a critical appraisal of existing guidelines, a systematic review of research evidence and the consensus opinions of an international, multidisciplinary group of experts. The recommendations may be adapted for use in different countries or regions according to the availability of treatment modalities and SOR for each modality of therapy. These recommendations will be revised regularly following systematic review of new research evidence as this becomes available. 相似文献
147.
Joanne SM Kim Brendan N Lilley Chao Zhang Kevan M Shokat Joshua R Sanes Mei Zhen 《Neural development》2008,3(1):1-14
Background
β-Amyloid precursor protein (APP) has been reported to play a role in the outgrowth of neurites from cultured neurons. Both cell-surface APP and its soluble, ectodomain cleavage product (APPs-α) have been implicated in regulating the length and branching of neurites in a variety of assays, but the mechanism by which APP performs this function is not understood.Results
Here, we report that APP is required for proper neurite outgrowth in a cell autonomous manner, both in vitro and in vivo. Neurons that lack APP undergo elongation of their longest neurite. Deletion of APLP1 or APLP2, homologues of APP, likewise stimulates neurite lengthening. Intriguingly, wild-type neurons exposed to APPs-α, the principal cleavage product of APP, also undergo neurite elongation. However, APPs-α is unable to stimulate neurite elongation in the absence of cellular APP expression. The outgrowth-enhancing effects of both APPs-α and the deletion of APP are inhibited by blocking antibodies to Integrin β1 (Itgβ1). Moreover, full length APP interacts biochemically with Itgβ1, and APPs-α can interfere with this binding.Conclusion
Our findings indicate that APPs-α regulates the function of APP in neurite outgrowth via the novel mechanism of competing with the binding of APP to Itgβ1. 相似文献148.
Bahadir Simsek MD Jaikirshan Khatri MD Laura Young MD Spyridon Kostantinis MD Judit Karacsonyi MD PhD Athanasios Rempakos MD Khaldoon Alaswad MD Farouc A. Jaffer MD PhD Darshan Doshi MD Sevket Gorgulu MD Omer Goktekin MD Jimmy Kerrigan MD Elias V. Haddad MD Stephane Rinfret MD SM Wissam A. Jaber MD William Nicholson MD Oleg Krestyaninov MD Dimitrii Khelimskii MD James W. Choi MD Taral N. Patel MD Brian K. Jefferson MD Steven M. Bradley MD Sunil V. Rao MD Bavana V. Rangan BDS MPH Salman S. Allana MD Yader Sandoval MD M. Nicholas Burke MD Emmanouil S. Brilakis MD PhD Paul B. Poommipanit MD the PROGRESS-CTO investigators 《Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions》2023,101(6):1028-1035
149.
Mauro Carlino MD Barry F. Uretsky MD Lorenzo Azzalini MD PhD MSc Angelo Nascimbene MD Emmanouil S. Brilakis MD PhD Antonio Colombo MD Sunao Nakamura MD Cosmo Godino MD Alexandre Avran MD Stéphane Rinfret MD SM Benjamin Faurie MD 《Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions》2023,102(4):577-584
Introduction
Antegrade dissection and re-entry (ADR) is an integral part of the hybrid algorithm, which has allowed for improved outcomes in chronic total occlusion (CTO) coronary intervention (PCI).Methods
A new ADR method, Subintimal Antegrade FEnestration and Re-entry (SAFER), is described. The results of a first-in-man series are presented.Results
SAFER was performed on seven consecutive patients with angiographic and clinical success in all patients.Conclusions
This first-in-man study has shown that the SAFER technique is feasible and effective with the possibility of improving the antegrade PCI CTO success rate. 相似文献150.
Feleus A Bierma-Zeinstra SM Miedema HS Bernsen RM Verhaar JA Koes BW 《Manual therapy》2008,13(5):426-433
Incidence densities in primary care are often based on disease or region-specific code registration (e.g. 'epicondylitis', 'shoulder symptom') according to the International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC). Few estimates are available on arm, neck and shoulder complaints. Unknown, is the proportion missed due to registration with a non-region-specific code (e.g. 'muscle pain'). Therefore, we estimated the incidence in non-traumatic arm, neck and shoulder complaints in the age-group 18-64 years, and determined the contribution of non-specific codes to the total figure. In this prospective registration study, 21 general practitioners (GPs) from 13 Dutch general practices classified and registered patient's symptoms and diagnoses according to ICPC at each consultation during 12 consecutive months. Incidence densities were calculated. The incidence density was 97.4/1000 person-years (95% CI: 91.2-103.7). This results in 147 (95% CI: 138-157) incident cases/year for an average-sized GP-practice (2350 patients). Main contributors were: shoulder (L92, L08) and neck complaints (L01, L83). Of all incident consultations, 23% were registered with non-region-specific codes, mainly 'other musculoskeletal disease' (L99). Non-traumatic complaints of arm, neck and shoulder are frequently consulted for in Dutch primary care. When estimating morbidity in primary care, based on diagnostic codes, one should be aware of possible underestimation of morbidity and corresponding workload, when excluding codes not specific for that region or disease. 相似文献