In situ biomonitoring of PAH-contaminated sediments using juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous marine and freshwater sediment contaminants. Extensive data exist to confirm that PAHs are toxic to aquatic receptors. However, limited information is available regarding the bioavailability and genotoxicity of sediment PAHs to aquatic organisms. This study investigated an integrated biomonitoring approach using chemical analyses and biomarkers to characterize the bioavailability and genotoxicity of a complex PAH mixture in freshwater lake sediments associated with a former manufactured gas plant (MGP). Sediment PAH genotoxicity was assessed by flow cytometry (FCM), DNA adduct (32)P-postlabeling, and erythrocyte micronuclei in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) caged in the water column. Significant PAH-induced genotoxicity was observed with FCM and (32)P-postlabeling, but not with erythrocyte micronuclei. Chromosome damage in peripheral blood and hepatic DNA adducts correlated with sediment, but not water column PAH concentrations. Total hepatic DNA adducts in salmon caged nearest the former MGP facility was 39+/-6.5 (RALx10(9)), while salmon caged in a reference lake had 28+/-2.3 total hepatic DNA adducts per 10(9) nucleotides. These results indicate that in situ biomonitoring using biomarkers and caged fish can be a sensitive indicator of genotoxic PAHs in sediments.     

Genetic damage in a population of slider turtles (Trachemys scripta) inhabiting a radioactive reservoir

Turtles inhabiting a radioactive reservoir appear to experience genetic damage due to environmental exposure to low concentrations of long-lived radionuclides. Total body burdens for the 50 reservoir turtles examined in the survey ranged from 164.7-4679.3 Bq for cesium-137 and from 462.6-5098.3 Bq for strontium-90. Flow cytometric (FCM) assays of red blood cell nuclei demonstrated significantly greater variation in DNA content for the reservoir turtles than for turtles from a nearby, non-radioactive site. Furthermore, two of the reservoir turtles possessed FCM profiles that are indicative of aneuploid mosaicism. These data strongly suggest that exposure to low-level radiation may involve a sensitive genetic response in a natural population.     

Qualitative Inquiry: An Overview for Pediatric Psychology

Objective: To provide a framework for critically evaluatingqualitative research to professionals interested in pediatricpsychology. Qualitative methods emphasize the phenomenologicalexperience of participants and may be pertinent to studyingcontextual factors that contribute to child health and well-being. Method: A bask overview of the types of qualitative research,methodological procedures, and ethical considerations is provided.Examples are drawn from qualitative studies that focus on childand family health. Results: The article concludes with guidelines for examiningqualitative research and recommendations for use in pediatricpsychology. Conclusions: Qualitative methods have the potential to addressimportant issues In pediatric psychology.     

Correlates of Early Overt and Covert Sexual Behaviors in Heterosexual Women

We used data provided by 417 Kinsey-0 and Kinsey-1 heterosexual women using an anonymous computerized survey to determine the adult correlates of two female–female behaviors that occurred before age 18; 25.4% of participants reported engaging in one or both behaviors. Sexual experimentation with females and masturbating using images of females before age 18 were statistically significant predictors of four different female–female behaviors in adulthood: sexual contact with females, masturbating using images of females, preferring a female fantasy partner while having sex with a favorite (male) partner, and voyeurism directed at females; 27.3% of the participants reported engaging in one or more of the latter four behaviors. The analogous early female–male behaviors were not statistically significant predictors of female–female behaviors in adults. Conditioning resulting from participation in these early female–female behaviors might explain the correlations between the two early behaviors and the subsequent four adult same-gender behaviors. The earliest and latest ages that participants engaged in each early behavior and case-by-case analysis showed that the sequence of events leading to the female–female adult behaviors was initial sexual experimentation with similar age females (at a median age of 9 years) followed by masturbating using images of females (at a median age of 15). These results suggest that conditioning and other forms of learning play an important role in establishing coexisting same-gender orientations in heterosexual women.