Epidemiological aspects of prenatal exposure to high doses of vitamin a in Spain

Reports of the human teratogenicity of retinoids have raised concern about the potential human teratogenicity of high doses of vitamin A. Nevertheless, there are few human case reports of excess intake of vitamin A during pregnancy and defective outcomes. No epidemiological studies have been carried out on this subject. Here we present the results of an epidemiological study of prenatal exposure to high doses of vitamin A in Spain, using data from the Spanish hospital-based, case-control registry. Although it is difficult to reach conclusions with such a very low exposure level (1.3 per 1,000 livebirths), our results suggest that a teratogenic effect might exist for exposures to high doses of vitamin A (OR = 0.5, p = 0.15 for less than 40,000 FU and OR = 2.7, p = 0.06 for 40,000 1U or more). As we might expect, this effect also seems to be related to the organogenetic status (OR = 5.4, p = 0.1 for 1^st –2^nd month, OR = 1.8, p = 0.4 for 3^rd onwards) at the time of exposure.     

Retinopathy of prematurity over 3 decades

The authors give an account of 190 premature infants they treated in 1956-1988, suffering from retinopathy of prematurity--ROP, and for prolonged subsequent periods. As the head of the team followed up all the children, there is an integrated view of the problem. The birth weight of the infants was 640 g--1,900 g. From the total number 76.8% infants had a birth weight of 1,500 g or less, 13.7% had a birthweight of 1,000 g or less. Evidence of the increasing rate is provided by the number of patients treated since birth at the department for premature and pathological infants FNM as well as by the number of children admitted from other departments after development of ROP. In 1956-1970, i. e. in 15 years, the authors looked after 34 patients, in 1971-1988, i. e. in 18 years there were 156 children with ROP. In 1956-70 cases of ROP predominated which developed as a result of absolute or relative hypoxia. They were successfully treated by individually adjusted and carefully controlled oxygen therapy (6.9% blind children). In 1971-1975 the possibility to use this therapy declined briskly because after introduction of modern medical technique the number of findings suggesting a hyperoxic insult increased. At that time the results deteriorated greatly (50% blind children). In 1976-1980 the results were favourably influenced by individual dosage of oxygen therapy in all infants, based on regular monitoring of blood gases (10.5% blind children).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Detection of a vascular permeability factor in the extracellular products of Renibacterium salmoninarum.

The presence of vascular permeability factors in the extracellular products (ECP) of 10 strains of Renibacterium salmoninarum with different geographical origin and serological characteristics are reported. All the ECP produced haemorrhagic and/or oedematous zones at the injection site with a diameter ranging from 10-30 mm. However, the ECP samples did not display toxic effect in fish at the same dose as inoculated in rabbit (180-400 micrograms protein/0.1 ml). No differences were observed in the production of this dermatotoxic factor between the two antigenic groups found in this microorganism. Whereas heating (80 and 100 degrees C/15 min) the ECP samples resulted in a complete loss of their proteolytic activity, only a decrease (but not total inactivation) of the dermatotoxic effects was detected. Therefore, although proteases could be implicated in the permeability factor, they are not totally responsible for this activity.     

VIM thalamic stimulation for tremor in a patient with IgM paraproteinaemic demyelinating neuropathy.

We demonstrate the effect of deep brain stimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus on intractable action tremor, in a 72-year-old man suffering from neuropathy associated with monoclonal gammopathy.     

Pulmonary valvuloplasty in children with cyanotic cardiopathy

We present 5 patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease in whom a pulmonary valvuloplasty was performed as palliative therapy. The patients symptoms were hypoxemic spells, very low oxygen saturation and no weight gain. The oxygenation improved and symptoms disappeared. We believe that in properly selected patients this technique represents a good therapeutic modality.     

Serum levels of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) in Parkinson's disease.

To elucidate the possible role of vitamin E in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), we compared serum levels of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the vitamin E/cholesterol ratio of 42 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients using their spouses as the control group. The serum levels of vitamin E did not differ significantly between the groups (13.84 +/- 0.56 micrograms/ml for PD and 14.80 +/- 0.57 micrograms/ml for controls), nor did the vitamin E/cholesterol ratio (0.64 +/- 0.03 for both groups). There was no influence of antiparkinsonian therapy on vitamin E or the vitamin E/cholesterol ratio. Serum levels of the vitamin E and vitamin E/cholesterol ratio did not correlate with age, age at onset, scores of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale or the Hoehn and Yahr staging in the PD group. These results suggest that serum vitamin E concentrations do not play a role in the pathogenesis of PD.     

Posttransfusion hepatitis. A prospective study

This prospective study was carried out on thirty patients transfused with blood or blood products, by ten (33.3%) posttransfusion hepatitis was diagnosed; this is 15.75 cases per 1,000 U transfused. Four patients developed jaundice; six remained asymptomatic. In nine patients (90%) non-A, non-B hepatitis was diagnosed and one (10%) case was classified as hepatitis B. Two patients with non-A, non-B hepatitis developed chronic hepatitis, corroborated through percutaneous liver biopsy.     

Porphyria cutanea tarda associated with autoimmune hypothyroidism, vitiligo and alopecia universalis.

The aetiology of porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) has not been elucidated, but the possibility of an autoimmune mechanism has been proposed. We report a case of an unknown clinical combination of PCT with autoimmune hypothyroidism, alopecia universalis and vitiligo with thyroid and parietal cell circulating antibodies. This is highly suggestive of underlying autoimmune damage in this patient.     

The cardioprotective action of nifedipine during short-term transient ischemia

To determine the therapeutic activity on regional myocardial function of nifedipine intravenous administration (0.16 mg/kg) during short term myocardial induced ischemia, we used 6 mongrel dogs anesthetized and intubated those who we have implanted 3 pairs of ultrasonic crystals in the subendocardial layer. Utilizing an open chest canine model we performed total 1 minute and partial 2 minutes 30 seconds alternative obstructions, controlled with electromagnetic flowmeters in the anterior descending (AD) and circumflex (Cx) coronary arteries before and after drug administration. During the 70-80% obstructions we have shown a significant improvement in segment shortening, reduced by ischemia, in the ischemic and peri-ischemic zone. The ischemic markers, per cent increment of end diastolic length (% IEDL) and per cent increment of end systolic length (% IESL), have shown significant improvement during partial obstructions in the ischemic and peri-ischemic zone. After total obstructions the improvement on regional myocardial function is less marked and limited to ischemic zone.     

Perceptions of Parenting and Depression-Proneness in the Offspring: Dysfunctional Attitudes as a Mediating Mechanism

This research attempted to clarifythe mechanismthrough which dysfunctional parenting leads todepression in the offspring. Consistent with theorizingbyBeck (1967), we tested a three-stage causal pathway wherein dysfunctional parenting should giverise to dysfunctional attitudes in the offspring which,in turn, should give rise to depression-proneness in theoffspring. Another objective of this study was to further delineate the types of parentingbehaviors that give rise to dysfunctional attitudes inthe offspring. To this end, a large sample of collegestudents (N = 246) completed measures assessing four parenting dimensions (i.e., low care,overprotection, perfectionistic expectations, andcriticalness) as well as measures assessingdysfunctional attitudes, general depression-proneness,and current depression. Support for the depressogenic effects of allfour parenting dimensions was obtained in that eachparenting dimension correlated significantly withdysfunctional attitudes and depression tendencies in the offspring. Moreover, path analyses supportedBeck's three-stage causal model with perfectionistic andcritical parenting playing a particularly prominentrole. Last, after controlling for current depression, the partial correlations among the variables inthe three-stage model remained significant, suggestingthat the present findings were not simply the result ofa mood congruency effect. These findings illuminate additional parenting behaviors that can havedepressogenic effects and indicate that these parentingbehaviors exert their effects, at least in part, by wayof instilling dysfunctional attitudes in the offspring.