Comparison of Systemic Absorption of Insulin via Conjunctiva with Punctum Sealed and via Normal Eye with Punctum Opened

It has been reported that insulin eyedrops are useful preparations for delivering insulin systemically. In order to determine the individual contribution of insulin absorption through the conjunctiva and nasal mucosa, experiments were carried out with and without the puncta occluded, while insulin plus absorption enhancer was instilled into the eye. Blood samples were collected at various time points for blood glucose and plasma insulin determinations. It was found that approximately 28-34% of insulin was absorbed via the conjunctiva and 66-72% through nasal mucosa. The blood glucose was lowered significantly more in rabbits with the puncta opened than in those with the puncta occluded.     

Reproductive Toxicity of Tricresyl Phosphate in a Continuous Breeding Protocol in Swiss (CD-1) Mice

Reproductive Toxicity of Tricresyl Phosphate in a ContinuousBreeding Protocol in Swiss (CD-I) Mice. CHAPIN, R. E., GEORGE,J. D., AND LAMB, J. C. IV. (1988). Fundam. Appl. Toxi-col. 10,344-354. The effects of a mixture of tricresyl phosphate isomerson reproductive performance in Swiss (CD-I) mice were evaluatedusing a continuous breeding protocol. Tricresyl phosphate (TCP)was mixed into the feed at 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2% by weight.Although the fertility index was not changed in the animalsconsuming the high-concentration feed, the number of littersper pair decreased in a dose-related fashion, and the proportionof pups born alive, and their weight, was significantly decreasedin the high-dose group. A crossover mating trial found impairedfertility in both males and females exposed to 0.2% TCP, witha greater effect in females. Histopathology of the Fo pairsrevealed dose-related seminiferous tubule atrophy, and decreasedtestis and epididymal weights in the high-dose males, whilethe female reproductive tract showed no histopathologic changes.There were dose-related changes in the adrenals of both sexes,and body weight was depressed in both sexes at the highest concentration.The last litter born in the 98-day breeding phase was rearedto age 74 days and then mated within the control and two ofthe treatment groups (0.0,0.05, and 0.1 % TCP; there were toofew offspring in the 0.2% group). There was a decrease in thefertility index in the 0.1% TCP group, and a decreased proportionof liveborn and number of liveborn pups per litter. In the F,males at necropsy, sperm concentration and morphology were normalat termination, although motility was decreased in both the0.05% and the 0.1% groups compared to controls. These data showthat TCP impaired fertility in both sexes of mice in the Fogeneration and affected sperm motility at even the lowest dosein F, males.