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71.
SK Roy AM Tomkins SM Akramuzzaman RH Behrens R Haider D Mahalanabis G Fuchs 《Archives of disease in childhood》1997,77(3):196-200
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of zinc supplementation on the clinical course, stool weight, duration of diarrhoea, changes in serum zinc, and body weight gain of children with acute diarrhoea. DESIGN: Randomised double blind controlled trial. Children were assigned to receive zinc (20 mg elemental zinc per day) containing multivitamins or control group (zinc-free multivitamins) daily in three divided doses for two weeks. SETTING: A diarrhoeal disease hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. PATIENTS: 111 children, 3 to 24 months old, below 76% median weight for age of the National Center for Health Statistics standard with acute diarrhoea. Children with severe infection and/or oedema were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Total diarrhoeal stool output, duration of diarrhoea, rate of weight gain, and changes in serum zinc levels after supplementation. RESULTS: Stool output was 28% less and duration 14% shorter in the zinc supplemented group than placebo (p = 0.06). There were reductions in median total diarrhoeal stool output among zinc supplemented subjects who were shorter (less than 95% height for age), 239 v 326 g/kg (p < 0.04), and who had a lower initial serum zinc (< 14 mmol/l), 279 v 329 g/kg (p < 0.05); a shortening of mean time to recovery occurred (4.7 v 6.2 days, p < 0.04) in those with lower serum zinc. There was an increase in mean serum zinc in the zinc supplemented group (+2.4 v -0.3 mumol/l, p < 0.001) during two weeks of supplementation, and better mean weight gain (120 v 30 g, p < 0.03) at the time of discharge from hospital. CONCLUSIONS: Zinc supplementation is a simple, acceptable, and affordable strategy which should be considered in the management of acute diarrhoea and in prevention of growth faltering in children specially those who are malnourished. 相似文献
72.
This study was designed to compare the growth of Pakistani schoolchildren in the UK with the 1990 UK growth standards. Measurements of height, weight, and sitting height were performed on 785 Pakistani schoolchildren aged 5-14 years with the mean values for each age and sex being plotted on the UK growth standards. The results were expressed as SD scores relative to the 1990 reference data. The mean height for the boys was only 0.2 SD scores below the mean for the new growth standards with the mean height for the girls being 0.4 SD scores below the mean. The mean values for weight and body mass index were 0.3 and 0.5 SD scores less than the mean for boys and girls respectively. This study demonstrates that the growth of Pakistani schoolchildren in the UK is comparable to the 1990 UK growth standards with only minor differences. It is not safe to assume that short stature or low body weight in a Pakistani child is due to his or her ethnic background. 相似文献
73.
Amicarelli F; Bucciarelli T; Poma A; Aimola P; Di Ilio C; Ragnelli AM; Miranda M 《Carcinogenesis》1998,19(3):519-523
The effects of methylglyoxal on the growth of a line of human melanoma
cells are investigated. Methylglyoxal inhibits cell growth in a dose-
dependent manner and causes an increase in glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
dehydrogenase, and glyoxalase 1 and glyoxalase 2 specific activities. The
cellular response to increasing concentrations of methylglyoxal in the
culture medium is also studied by measuring L-lactate production,
reduced-oxidized glutathione levels and apoptotic cell death. Methylglyoxal
seems to promote a change of cell population phenotypic repertoire toward a
more monomorphic phenotype. In conclusion, methylglyoxal seems to induce an
enzymatic cellular response that lowers methylglyoxal levels and selects
the most resistant cells.
相似文献
74.
The hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) locus in 6-
thioguanine (TG) resistant T-lymphocytes is a useful target for the study
of somatic in vivo mutagenesis, since it provides information about a broad
spectrum of mutation. Mutations in the hprt coding region were studied in
124 TG-resistant T-cell clones from 38 healthy, non- smoking male donors
from a previously studied population of bus maintenance workers,
fine-mechanics and laboratory personnel. Their mean age was 43 years (range
23-64) and their hprt mutant frequency was 9.3 +/- 5.2 x 10(-6) (mean +/-
SD, range 1.4-22.6 x 10(-6)). Sequence analysis of hprt cDNA identified 115
unique mutations; 76% were simple base substitutions, 10% were +/-1 bp
frameshifts, and 10% were small deletions within exons (3-52 bp). In
addition, two tandem base substitutions and one complex mutation were
observed. Simple base substitutions were observed at 55 (20%) of 281 sites
known to be mutable in the hprt coding sequence. The distribution of these
mutations was significantly different than would be expected based upon a
Poisson distribution (P < 0.0001), suggesting the existence of
'hotspots'. All of the 87 simple base substitutions occurred at known
mutable sites, but eight were substitutions of a kind that have not
previously been reported at these sites. The most frequently mutated sites
were cDNA positions 197 and 146, with six and five independent mutations
respectively. Four mutations were observed at position 131, and three each
at positions 143, 208, 508 and 617. Transitions (52%) were slightly more
frequent than tranversions (48%), and mutations at GC base pairs (56%) more
common than mutations at AT base pairs (44%). GC > AT was the most
common type of base pair substitution (37%). The majority of the mutations
at GC base pairs (78%) occurred at sites with G in the non-transcribed
strand. All but one of eight mutations at CpG- sites were of the kind
expected from deamination of methylated cytosine. Deletion of a single base
pair (-1 frameshift) was three times more frequent than insertion of a
single bp (+1 frameshift). Almost half (6/13) of the small (3-52 bp)
deletions within the coding sequence clustered in the 5' end of exon 2.
Short repeats and other sequence motifs that have been associated with
replication error were found in the flanking regions of most of the
frameshifts and small deletions. However, several differences in the local
sequence context between +/-1 frameshift and deletion mutations were also
noticed. The present results identify positions 197, 146 and possibly 131
as hotspots for base substitution mutations, and confirm previously
reported hotspots at positions 197, 508 and 617. In addition, the earlier
notion of a deletion hotspot in the 5'end of exon 2 was confirmed. The
observations of these mutational cluster regions in different human
populations suggest that they are due to endogeneous mechanisms of
mutagenesis, or to ubiquitous environmental influences. The emerging
background spectrum of somatic in vivo mutation in the human hprt gene
provides a useful basis for comparisons with radiation or chemically
induced mutational spectra, as well as with gene mutations in human tumors.
相似文献
75.
76.
Phenobarbital and clofibrate, two non-genotoxic carcinogens, have been
investigated regarding the relationship between reactive oxygen species,
antioxidant enzyme expression and apoptosis in primary cultures of rat
hepatocytes. Low toxicity concentrations, 200 and 100 microg/ml for
phenobarbital and clofibrate respectively, were used to examine their
effect on spontaneous or transforming growth factor beta1
(TGFbeta1)-induced apoptosis and on the expression of antioxidant defence
enzymes (superoxide dismutases and catalase). The increased incidence of
apoptotic nuclei was visualized in TGFbeta1-treated cultures with the
fluorescent dye Hoechst 33258 and was quantified under all experimental
conditions by measurement of the hypodiploid peak in DNA histograms
obtained by flow cytometry. Both substances, when added separately to
hepatocyte cultures and incubated for 24 and 48 h, significantly diminished
spontaneous apoptosis and exhibited a slight suppression of
TGFbeta1-induced apoptosis. Endogenous peroxide production by hepatocytes
increased with TGFbeta1, phenobarbital or clofibrate and the increase was
greater with phenobarbital and in the presence of TGFbeta1 with both drugs.
Gene expression of catalase and Mn- and Cu,Zn superoxide dismutases (SOD)
was evaluated by northern blot analysis of hepatocytes incubated in the
presence of phenobarbital or clofibrate with or without TGFbeta1 and the
following differences were detected: phenobarbital induced a significant
decrease in both dismutases (to 56%, P < 0.05, and 55%, P < 0.05, for
Mn- and Cu,Zn-SOD respectively) and a 2-fold increase (P < 0.01) in
catalase; clofibrate induced a slight decrease in both SODs and a 4-fold
increase (P < 0.05) in catalase; TGFbeta1 significantly decreased to 37%
(P < 0.05) expression of catalase while not significantly affecting
expression of both SODs. We conclude that inhibition of spontaneous
apoptosis induced by either phenobarbital or clofibrate is accompanied by
increases in the endogenous levels of peroxides and by significant
induction of catalase gene expression. Furthermore, the lack of effect of
both compounds on TGFbeta1-induced apoptosis could be a consequence of the
inability of these two compounds to counteract the depressing effect of
TGFbeta1 on expression of catalase.
相似文献
77.
Gustavo Adolfo Avila Montes Mercedes Martínez Catalina Sherman Eduardo Fernández Cerna 《Pan American journal of public health》2004,16(2):84-94
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a special course on environmental health and dengue, given to primary school students and intended to promote behavioral changes in the mothers of those students that would lead to the safe handling of water, adequate disposal of trash, and control of household breeding sites of Aedes aegypti, the mosquito vector for dengue. METHODS: In the period from April to November 2002 a community field trial was carried out that included four public schools in the city of Comayaguela, Honduras. Two of the schools formed the intervention group, and the two others made up the comparison or control group. The data collection activities before and after the intervention included knowledge tests for the schoolchildren and the teachers; surveys of the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the students' mothers; entomological surveys (systematic checking in order to find water containers, to search for mosquito larvae) in the homes of the schoolchildren; in-depth interviews with the students' mothers; observation in the classrooms; and postintervention focus group with the teachers. RESULTS: During the intervention period the largest epidemic of classical dengue ever in the history of Tegucigalpa, the capital of Honduras, occurred. That event prompted the Secretariat of Health to undertake large-scale control activities. In the two intervention schools there was a significant increase in the students' knowledge of the following three variables: dengue caused by a virus, life cycle of the vector, and reduction of breeding sites, which is the most effective measure for controlling the vector (P < 0.0001 for all those increases in knowledge). There were also significant increases in the knowledge of the same variables among the teachers in the intervention schools: dengue caused by a virus (P = 0.03), life cycle of the vector (P = 0.01), and reduction of breeding sites (P = 0.004). Reducing the number of breeding sites as being the best measure for controlling Aedes aegypti was the knowledge variable that showed the greatest change among the mothers in the intervention group (P = 0.02). The values for two of the entomological indices (the House index and the Breteau index) were better in the intervention group than in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant. However, there was a statistically significant difference in the Breteau index values between the two control group schools and the one intervention school where the education course was implemented more adequately than in the other intervention school. CONCLUSIONS: The application of educational interventions directed to schoolchildren, as a part of a comprehensive plan for controlling Aedes aegypti, is an effective way to raise the awareness of teachers and parents with respect to the problem of dengue, and it also helps in encouraging family members to be involved in reducing breeding sites in the home. In moving to control the dengue vector, this strategy should take into consideration the involvement not only of families but also of civic and public institutions in the community. Given our results, it appears that this approach of using a special course for schoolchildren can constitute a fundamental pillar in the strategy for integrated dengue control. 相似文献
78.
79.
Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders have emerged as a differentiated entity, characterized with intrusive and obsessive thoughts or repetitive behaviors whose major syndrome would be the classical obsessive-compulsive disorder. In order to spread this concept among neurologists, we present three cases that can be considered as obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders, in which structural cerebral lesions co-exist. Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders share with obsessive-compulsive disorder several clinical and neurobiological characteristics as well as their therapeutic response. Nevertheless, obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders have a lesser positive familial history incidence and a later start than obsessive-compulsive disorder. Recent neurobiological studies using functional and structural neuroimaging in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder together with neuropsychological studies reveal the existence of defects in the following neural circuits: frontal-orbital-basal ganglia-thalamus-cortical and their limbic connections. In a similar manner as it occurs with obsessive-compulsive disorder, research on obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders will provide the pathophysiological basis of the obsessive-compulsive disorder in the dysfunctionality of the previously mentioned neurological circuits. 相似文献
80.