Application of image-guided surface coil P-31 MR spectroscopy to human liver, heart, and kidney

Localized phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy in humans has previously been accomplished with surface coils by means of depth-resolved surface coil spectroscopy or rotating frame experiments, in which the extent of tissue sampled critically depends on surface coil placement. The authors' goal was to modify the surface coil image-selected in vivo spectroscopy (ISIS) experiment to accomplish three-dimensional volume selection through application of selective pulses in the presence of B0 gradients. Advantages of ISIS include the ability to use proton images to define the volume of interest (VOI) and reduced dependence on exact positioning of the surface coil. However, rapid replication of the surface coil ISIS experiment can cause spectral contamination from signals originating outside the VOI. A modified version of the ISIS experiment was developed to alleviate contamination under conditions of rapid replication. Applications of localized P-31 MR spectroscopy for observation of high-energy phosphorus metabolites are presented in human liver, heart, and transplanted and normal kidney.     

New and emerging roles in out of hospital emergency care: A review of the international literature

AimsThe aim of the literature review was to identify new and emerging out of hospital emergency care roles and to describe their activity and impact.BackgroundDemographic changes, increased demands for health services, altered working practices, and health system economic pressures have led to the development of a disparate set of new health care roles.Data sourcesMEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL databases, and the two search engines Google and Google Scholar were searched for contemporary studies in the identified study area.Review methodsAll publications identified through the search were assessed for relevance. Those that discussed new roles were included (n = 34) and empirical studies (n = 14) analysed in detail.ResultsEmergency care and paramedic practitioner roles (ECP & PP) are having an impact on patient care, including an average 25% reduction in the conveyance rate to hospital, improved inter-professional working, immediacy of treatment and referral, and high patient satisfaction. Limited economic data suggests savings of between £31 (USD 55) and £37 (USD 65) per case when ECPs replace standard ambulance responders. Concerns have been expressed about patient safety, recruitment and training levels, regulatory and role implementation issues.ConclusionFurther work is required to fully understand the patient safety, clinical practice, professional role and financial implications of these new roles.     

Hereditary Hemolytic Disease Secondary to Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency: Report of Three Cases with Special Emphasis on ATP Metabolism

1. Three cases of hereditary hemolytic disease secondary to G-6-PD deficiency are described. Two of the cases were first cousins of Scotch-Irish-English descent and the mode of inheritance was believed to be sex-linked.The third case was of Turkish origin; no family studies were availale.

2. The mothers, who were heterozygous for G-6-PD deficiency, showed onlyminimal expression of the defect, which was manifested by a slightly decreasedred cell survival in both mothers and an abnormal methemoglobin reductiontest in one of them.

3. All three cases showed a more pronounced fall in erythrocyte ATP afterincubation with phenylhydrazine than that observed in primaquine-sensitiveNegroes whose red cells were less deficient in G-6-PD.

4. It is suggested that the inability of the G-6-PD-deficient erythrocyte tomaintain adequate levels of ATP may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of the hemolytic process.

Submitted on August 26, 1963 Accepted on October 24, 1963