Congenital spinal tuberculosis associated with asymptomatic endometrial tuberculosis: A rare case report

Spinal tuberculosis constitutes 50% of all musculoskeletal tuberculosis. However, literature regarding congenital spinal tuberculosis is very scanty. Congenital spinal tuberculosis was diagnosed in a two-month-old child on the basis of age at presentation (gibbus since three weeks of age), hepatomegaly, raised ESR, radiological destruction of D10-D11 vertebrae, asymptomatic maternal endometrial tuberculosis and tuberculous histopathology from CT guided biopsy specimen from D10 vertebra. Both child and mother were treated by antitubercular treatment. Child improved symptomatically, gibbus became less prominent and ESR became normal at the end of one year of treatment. Patient had no recurrence during last two years of follow-up. This is the first case of congenital tuberculosis of spine with a documented source of infection from asymptomatic maternal endometrial tuberculosis. CT guided core biopsy from vertebra/aspiration from the paravertebral abscess help in early diagnosis and treatment to reduce neurological morbidity and mortality. Endometrial biopsy help in establishing the diagnosis of congenital tuberculosis and adequate antitubercular treatment in such cases may provide protection to fetus in subsequent pregnancy.     

Evaluation of laparoscopic radical cystectomy for loco-regionally advanced bladder cancer

We studied the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic radical cystectomy (LRC) in patients with loco-regionally advanced bladder cancer and report the short-term oncological outcome. This study comprised a total of 13 patients (10 males, 3 females), who presented with myriad of symptoms and on imaging they were found to have radiologically evident advanced disease (6 pelvic lymphadenopathies, 10 extravesical tumor extensions, three prostate/seminal vesical invasions). In view of recalcitrant symptoms (hematuria, frequency and irritative voiding) all patients underwent LRC and bilateral modified pelvic lymphadenectomy with ileal conduit urinary diversion. Mean age of the patients was 56.3 years. Mean operative time was 310 min with an average blood loss of 556 ml. No major intra-operative complications were noted. One patient died in the post-operative period due to sepsis. Histopathology report revealed pT3b N0 in two patients; pT3b N1 in four; pT3b N2 in three; pT4a N0 in one, and pT4aN1 in three patients. Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in nine patients. At mean follow up of 18 months (range 6–28), seven patients are alive and cancer-free, while two patients are alive with metastases. LRC provides an alternative approach for treatment of patients with loco-regionally advanced bladder cancer, who suffer from recurrent hematuria and severe irritative voiding symptoms, in whom open surgery was the standard approach hitherto. However, it should be considered experimental and should be attempted only by surgeons who have significant experience of laparoscopic pelvic surgery and advanced skills, and after discussing the potential risks and benefits with the patient.     

Familial pseudarthrosis of the clavicle: does it need treatment?

The eighth family with multiple cases of congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle is described. This usually presents as a clavicular lump and is distinct from more common conditions such as birth fractures, craniocleidal dysostosis and neurofibromatosis. There has so far been no clear indication on whether familial pseudarthrosis of the clavicle should be treated operatively. We recommend that when a suspected case of congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle is diagnosed the parents and siblings be examined also. If other family members are affected, we advise that the treatment should be conservative.     

FDG-PET Detected Thyroid Incidentalomas: Need for Further Investigation?

Background Incidental thyroid abnormalities are increasingly detected in patients undergoing PET scans. The aim of this study was to review our experience with the management of PET detected thyroid incidentalomas in a large single institution series. Methods All PET scans performed from May 2003 to July 2005 were reviewed and patients with incidental thyroid abnormalities were identified. From this group, patients that underwent further investigation were analyzed. Data relating to PET scan findings, FNA diagnoses, operative details, and histopathology was reviewed. Results In 8,800 patients, 16,300 PET scans were performed of whom 263 patients (2.9% of patients and 1.6% of PET scans) had findings positive for thyroid abnormality. Thyroid malignancy was noted in 42% (24 patients) of the 57 patients that underwent FNA. In the group of 27 patients that were subjected to operative intervention, 74% (20 patients) were noted to have a malignant diagnosis. The final histopathology revealed primary thyroid carcinoma in all these 20 patients (19 patients with papillary carcinoma and one patient with primary thyroid lymphoma). The factors that correlated with an increased risk of malignancy were the presence of physical finding (p = 0.01) and focal (p < 0.01) or unilateral uptake (p < 0.01) on PET scan. The average SUV was not useful in differentiating benign (9.2) from malignant lesions (8.2, p = 0.7). Conclusions PET detected incidental thyroid abnormalities are rare. In patients with positive PET scan findings and suspicious features, the incidence of primary thyroid malignancy is very high. These patients warrant further investigation followed by possible operative intervention.     

再次肝移植--挽救肝移植失败受体生命唯一的手段(附774例报告)

目的 评估肝移植，尤其是再次肝移植的长期随访结果及影响结果的因素。方法 对1981年2月至1998年4月期间进行的、存活时间大于2年的4000例肝移植进行随访，其中再次肝移植774例。根据首次肝移植的时间，分为A、B、C三期。结果 774例（19．4％）接受第2次肝移植，148例（3．7％）接受第3次肝移植，20例（0．5％）接受第4次肝移植，5例（0．13％）接受第5次及5次以上肝移植。第1次再移植原因主要为移植肝原发性无功能、肝动脉栓塞和排斥反应。C期再次肝移植率（13．4％）明显低于A期（33．4％）和B期（23．7％），P＝0．001。结论 掌握适当的再移植指征、再次手术时机、受体的选择和手术技巧，再次肝移植的长期生存率明显改善。     

GLP-1(32-36)amide Pentapeptide Increases Basal Energy Expenditure and Inhibits Weight Gain in Obese Mice

The prevalence of obesity-related diabetes is increasing worldwide. Here we report the identification of a pentapeptide, GLP-1(32-36)amide (LVKGRamide), derived from the glucoincretin hormone GLP-1, that increases basal energy expenditure and curtails the development of obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and hepatic steatosis in diet-induced obese mice. The pentapeptide inhibited weight gain, reduced fat mass without change in energy intake, and increased basal energy expenditure independent of physical activity. Analyses of tissues from peptide-treated mice reveal increased expression of UCP-1 and UCP-3 in brown adipose tissue and increased UCP-3 and inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in skeletal muscle, findings consistent with increased fatty acid oxidation and thermogenesis. In palmitate-treated C2C12 skeletal myotubes, GLP-1(32-36)amide activated AMPK and inhibited acetyl-CoA carboxylase, suggesting activation of fat metabolism in response to energy depletion. By mass spectroscopy, the pentapeptide is rapidly formed from GLP-1(9-36)amide, the major form of GLP-1 in the circulation of mice. These findings suggest that the reported insulin-like actions of GLP-1 receptor agonists that occur independently of the GLP-1 receptor might be mediated by the pentapeptide, and the previously reported nonapeptide (FIAWLVKGRamide). We propose that by increasing basal energy expenditure, GLP-1(32-36)amide might be a useful treatment for human obesity and associated metabolic disorders.     

Adolescent varicocele: association with somatometric parameters

INTRODUCTION: The developmental changes that occur as a result of puberty have been hypothesized to be important causes of varicocele. Various somatometric parameters were known to affect the occurrence of varicocele during the growth period. We conducted this study in order to examine these relationships and to determine the incidence of varicocele in adolescent males. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We evaluated 1,200 healthy males aged 0-19 years for varicocele and correlated it with the following somatometric parameters: age, height, body mass index (BMI), pubic hair distribution, penile length and testicular volume. RESULTS: Adolescent varicocele was found in 5.6% of the participants. The 13- to 19-year age-group had the highest incidence of varicocele (10.5%). Logistic regression analysis showed that the incidence was positively correlated with age, height and penile length (odds ratio 1.61, 1.04 and 1.37, respectively) and negatively correlated with left testicular volume, BMI and pubic hair distribution (odds ratio 0.87, 0.87 and 0.47, respectively). CONCLUSION: Varicocele was more prevalent in tall boys with a lower BMI, who had quickly progressed through puberty. Our observations suggest that varicocele is associated with various somatometric parameters.     

Hip Displacement in Cerebral Palsy: The Role of Surveillance

IntroductionHip displacement is common in cerebral palsy (CP) and is related to the severity of neurological and functional impairment. It is a silent, but progressive disease, and can result in significant morbidity and decreased quality of life, if left untreated. The pathophysiology of hip displacement in CP is a combination of hip flexor-adductor muscle spasticity, abductor muscle weakness, and delayed weight-bearing, resulting in proximal femoral deformities and progressive acetabular dysplasia. Due to a lack of symptoms in the early stages of hip displacement, the diagnosis is easily missed. Awareness of this condition and regular surveillance by clinical examination and serial radiographs of the hips are the key to early diagnosis and treatment.Hip surveillance programmesSeveral population-based studies from around the world have demonstrated that universal hip surveillance in children with CP allows early detection of hip displacement and appropriate early intervention, with a resultant decrease in painful dislocations. Global hip surveillance models are based upon the patients’ age, functional level determined by the Gross Motor Function Classification system (GMFCS), gait classification, standardized clinical exam, and radiographic indices such as the migration percentage (MP), as critical indicators of progressive hip displacement.ConclusionDespite 25 years of evidence showing the efficacy of established hip surveillance programmes, there is poor awareness among healthcare professionals in India about the importance of regular hip surveillance in children with CP. There is a need for professional organizations to develop evidence-based guidelines for hip surveillance which are relevant to the Indian context.     

Total knee arthroplasty in extra articular deformities: A series of 36 knees

Background:

The presence of extra articular deformities either in the femur or the tibia with arthritis of the knee makes total knee arthroplasty (TKA) technically demanding. The purpose of this study is to report outcomes with Total Knee Arthroplasty in patients with arthritis of the knee associated with extra articular deformity by intraarticular resection and soft tissue balancing.

Materials and Methods:

Thirty six knees (32 patients) who had arthritis of the knee associated with extra articular deformity, underwent total knee arthroplasty between 1999 and 2006 were included in this retrospective analysis. All patients had intraarticular resection with soft tissue balancing to correct the deformity. Full length weight bearing anteroposterior X-rays, Knee society scores, and Knee range of motion was recorded pre- and postoperatively.

Results:

The mean period of followup was 85 months (range 42-120 months). The deformities amenable to correction by intraarticular resection in our series were Femur- Coronal plane 11°-18° (mean 16.2°) Saggital plane 0°-15° (mean 10.1°) Tibia - Coronal plane 12°-24° (mean 21°). There was an improvement in the range of motion from mean of 54° preoperatively to 114° postoperatively (P value < 0.05). The Knee Society- Knee Score improved from 37 points to 85 points postoperatively (P value < 0.05). The functional score improved from a mean value of 19 to a mean of 69.5 at followup (P < 0.01). The preoperative hip knee ankle angle in the coronal plane improved from a mean of 14° ± 2° varus (26° varus to 4° valgus) to a mean of 2° ± 0.6° varus (6° varus to 2° valgus).

Conclusion:

With a good preoperative planning and templating, intraarticular bone resection and good soft tissue balancing both in flexion and extension, correction would be possible in majority of extraarticular deformities.     

Level V in therapeutic neck dissections for papillary thyroid carcinoma

Neck dissection for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the standard of care for patients with clinical evidence of regional metastases. However, the extent of neck dissection is debatable. The purpose of the current study was to develop evidence‐based recommendations for when to include level V, or 1 of its sublevels, among patients with PTC undergoing neck dissection. A literature review of all studies evaluating the occurrence of metastases in level V in patients with regional metastases from PTC undergoing neck dissection was performed. Occurrence of metastases at level V is low in most series (5% to 10%), although a wide range was noticed. In cases in which metastases were found at level V, they occurred almost exclusively at sublevel VB. Sublevel VA was rarely, if ever, involved with metastatic lymph nodes. However, only recently have investigators begun to specify which sublevels of level V are at risk. Therapeutic dissection of level V is indicated when there is clinical evidence of disease involving this zone. Elective dissection of sublevel VB is indicated when there is involvement of level IV, or possibly multiple nodes at levels II and III. Under these circumstances, dissection of sublevel VB is indicated but sublevel VA may be spared. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013