Temporal sequence of mammary intraductal proliferations, ductal carcinomas in situ and adenocarcinomas induced by 1-methyl-1- nitrosourea in rats

An experimental model for mammary carcinogenesis has been described in which intraductal proliferations, ductal carcinomas in situ and adenocarcinomas can be readily detected and the frequency of their occurrence quantified. The objective of the experiment reported in this study was to determine the latency period between carcinogen administration and the occurrence of each of these types of lesion. A total of 150 female Sprague-Dawley rats were injected i.p. with 50 mg 1- methyl-1-nitrosourea (MNU)/kg body wt at 21 days of age. Groups of 30 rats each were killed at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days post-carcinogen. Mammary intraductal proliferations were the first detected lesions and were observed in 20% of the animals at 14 days following carcinogen administration. At 21 days post-carcinogen ductal carcinomas in situ and adenocarcinomas were observed. The number of each type of lesion increased with time post-carcinogen, but the temporal pattern of occurrence was different among lesion types. The pattern of lesion occurrence was consistent with intraductal proliferations being a precursor lesion for ductal carcinomas in situ and adenocarcinomas. Furthermore, the data imply that ductal carcinomas in situ represent one pathway of morphological progression by which intraductal proliferations evolve into invasive carcinomas, but that this lesion type, as currently defined histologically, may not be an obligatory intermediate in morphologic progression. These findings are consistent with emerging evidence of multiple but distinct pathogenetic pathways leading to mammary carcinomas that display different morphological patterns and biological activities.      

Complications of automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators: radiographic, CT, and echocardiographic evaluation

Automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators (AICDs) were studied in three groups: (a) Serial radiographs were reviewed in 51 clinic patients. Twenty of 96 (21%) AICD patches distorted with time. (b) Thirty-six postoperative computed tomographic (CT) scans of asymptomatic patients revealed that pericardial fluid collections were frequent during the month after surgery but rare beyond that. Echocardiography was insensitive for these collections. CT also demonstrated dense fibrosis around some distorted patches, months after surgery. (c) Five other patients with pericardial infection had distorted patches, and the four studied with CT had fluid beneath their patches. (d) A case of constrictive pericarditis had distorted patches but was not diagnosed with CT. The authors conclude that distorted patches may indicate postoperative complications and that CT is the imaging modality of choice.     

新鲜冰冻血浆输注时机与华法令相关性颅内出血病人凝血异常快速纠正的研究

颅内出血（intracerebral hemorrhage，ICH）是指脑实质出血，并进一步扩散到脑室和蛛网膜下腔。自发性ICH约占急性脑中风病例的4％～15％，是导致病人死亡的最重要的因素。而病人使用华法令则有加重ICH及增加病死率的风险。研究表明使用过华法令的病人颅内血肿增大的风险高于未使用的病人。     

Apoptosis in the early human placental bed and its discrimination from necrosis using the in-situ DNA ligation technique

Extensive areas of necrosis are present in the early human placental bed. Our aim was to determine whether apoptosis is also a feature. A method was therefore required to differentiate unequivocally necrosis and apoptosis. Initially, terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling was used to visualize apoptotic cells. However, non-specific labelling, probably due to free DNA released by necrotic cells, was excessive; thus, in-situ DNA ligation was employed. In this technique, two DNA fragments with single-base 3' overhangs and blunt- ends were labelled with a fluorochrome and then ligated to the DNA breaks on the sections. Immunolabelling for cytokeratin or leukocyte common antigen was performed to determine the phenotype of apoptotic cells identified by the in-situ DNA ligation technique. A proportion of the dying cells was confirmed to be trophoblasts. No co-localization with leukocyte common antigen was found in this region, suggesting that maternal macrophages and natural killer cells (CD56+) were not dying by apoptosis in significant numbers. In conclusion, in-situ DNA ligation in association with immunocytochemistry can readily distinguish apoptosis from necrosis in the placental bed. The results suggest that a proportion of invading trophoblast cells are eliminated by apoptosis in early pregnancy.      

The effect of interleukin 3 and GM-CSA-2 on megakaryocyte and myeloid clonal colony formation

Two separate helper T cell-derived lymphokines, interleukin 3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating activity-2, were found to stimulate a broad and similar range of hemopoietic colonies in in vitro soft agar cultures including granulocyte, macrophage, granulocyte- macrophage, megakaryocyte, and mixed megakaryocyte colonies. Both lymphokines were potent stimulators of in vitro megakaryocyte colony formation. At plateau levels of IL-3, megakaryocyte colony formation was increased by biologic activity in pokeweed mitogen spleen- conditioned media.     

Salmonella meningitis in children in Far North Queensland

Abstract: Seven cases of Salmonella meningitis have occurred in infants in Far North Queensland since 1982. The mean age of onset was 2.8 months, and at least five of the cases were caused by Salmonella virchow. Five of the cases had significant complications during the acute illness: all required prolonged (median 34 days) inpatient management, and four developed permanent neurological sequelae. S. virchow is the serovar most frequently isolated from infants in Far North Queensland. The source of S. virchow infections in these infants remains uncertain, but transmission may occur through cross-infection and person-to-person transmission in the home.     

Clinical evaluation of a newly developed enteric nutrient given to the neurosurgical patients with disturbances of consciousness

An enteric nutrient 'SAN-ET-A', rich in protein and electrolytes, was given to 8 patients with disturbances of consciousness. Although the adminstered dosage had a calorie content so low that basal metabolism was barely maintained, the level of serous proteins increased following administration. Electrolyte imbalance was not found, and the patients did not suffer from severe renal or liver dysfunctions. No notable gastrointestinal troubles occurred except in one case. It is concluded that a low dosage of SAN-ET-A was sufficient to maintain the patients in good nutritional condition. Furthermore, it is suggested that this nutrient can be safely given for a long period.     

Tinidazole in treatment of amoebic liver abscess in children

Tinidazole as a single drug therapy given in a single dose daily for 5 or 3 days was put to rigorous test in malnourished children. Of 25 children with amoebic liver abscess, 23 were cured. The 2 remaining cases required surgical drainage followed by other amoebicides, one subsequently dying from complicating bronchopneumonia.