Violent Lives of Women: Critical Points for Intervention—Phase I Focus Groups

PROBLEM. To identify critical developmental periods, experiences, and events in women's lives associated with violence to guide a larger study.
METHODS. Two focus groups of 10 women each (N = 20) were conducted to determine the critical times when girls and women might be exposed to violence.
FINDINGS. Broad themes in the data were developmental periods, abusers, staying in the relationship, leaving the relationship, parenting, and living with violence. The women in these focus groups clearly identified times of increased risk for violence in their lives: establishing intimate relationships, pregnancy, childrearing years, and times when substance abuse is occurring.
CONCLUSIONS. While clinicians should be vigilant for the presence of domestic violence with all clients, it is important to know when a woman experiences increased risk for violence. The findings indicate a need for education for communities, those who provide care for women and children, and people in whom victims may confide.     

Rai1 deficiency in mice causes learning impairment and motor dysfunction, whereas Rai1 heterozygous mice display minimal behavioral phenotypes

Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is associated with an approximately 3.7 Mb common deletion in 17p11.2 and characterized by its craniofacial and neurobehavioral abnormalities. The reciprocal duplication leads to dup(17)(p11.2p11.2) associated with the Potocki-Lupski syndrome (PLS), a neurological disorder whose features include autism. Retinoic acid induced 1 (RAI1) appears to be responsible for the majority of clinical features in both SMS and PLS. Mouse models of these syndromes harboring an approximately 2 Mb chromosome engineered deletion and duplication, respectively, displayed abnormal locomotor activity and/or learning deficits. To determine the contribution of RAI1 in the neurobehavioral traits in SMS, we performed a battery of behavioral tests on Rai1 mutant mice and the Df(11)17-1/+ mice that have a small deletion of approximately 590 kb. The mice with the small deletion were hypoactive like the large deletion mice and they also showed learning deficits. The Rai1+/- mice exhibited normal locomotor activity. However, they had an abnormal electroencephalogram with overt seizure observed in a subset of mice. The few surviving Rai1-/- mice displayed more severe neurobehavioral abnormalities including hind limb clasping, overt seizures, motor impairment and context- and tone-dependant learning deficits. X-gal staining of the Rai1+/- mice suggests that Rai1 is predominantly expressed in neurons of the hippocampus and the cerebellum. Our results suggest that Rai1 is a critical gene in the central nervous system functioning in a dosage sensitive manner and that the neurobehavioral phenotype is modified by regulator(s) in the approximately 590 kb genomic interval, wherein the major modifier affecting the craniofacial penetrance resides.     

血管黏附分子中选择素结构、功能及其表达的特点

目的:归纳总结选择素的组成、分布、结构、表达及其选择素与配体相互作用的主要功能。资料来源:应用计算机检索Medline数据库1990-01/2007-01有关选择素功能的相关文章,检索词“Selectin,function”,限定文章语言种类为英文。同时计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库、万方数据库1994-01/2007-01期间的选择素的相关文章,检索词“选择素、功能”,限定文章语言种类为中文。资料选择:对资料进行初审,选取与选择素研究进展相关文献,然后筛除明显无关文献或相关性不强的文献,对剩余文献开始查找全文,进一步明确其相关性。纳入标准:随机对照研究;实验或临床研究包含平行对照组。排除标准:重复或类似的同一研究、综述文献(或个案报道等)。资料提炼:共收集到79篇有关选择素研究方面的文章,33个实验或临床研究符合纳入标准。排除的46篇文献中,32篇为未随机研究或重复性研究,14篇为综述类文章。资料综合:33个实验包括403例患者和342只实验动物,分别阐述了以下3点:①选择素家族的组成、分布:目前发现的选择素家族包括3个成员:L-选择素、P-选择素、E-选择素,P-选择素和E-选择素表达于内皮细胞,L-选择素只表达于白细胞。②选择素的结构及其表达:选择素分子是一类Ⅰ型跨膜糖蛋白,它分为胞外区、跨膜区和胞内区,3种选择素的胞外区的不同部位在同一物种或不同物种间有一定的同源性。而跨膜区和胞内区则没有同源性,胞内区是细胞内部分。③选择素的配体:选择素执行其功能离不开和其配体的相互作用,配体包括糖类配体和蛋白类配体两部分。糖类配体主要是一些寡糖基团。蛋白类配体多是一些分子量在数万到数十万单位的蛋白分子。④选择素的主要功能为:介导炎症过程中白细胞的起始黏附,参与肿瘤转移过程,参与缺血-再灌注损伤,参与血栓形成及促进创伤的修复和愈合,参与细胞内外的信号传递,参与器官移植免疫排斥反应等。结论:①目前发现的选择素家族的3个成员,P-选择素和E-选择素表达于内皮细胞,L-选择素只表达于白细胞。②选择素的主要作用是在炎症发生时介导白细胞与血管内皮细胞的起始黏附,以及介导白细胞之间、白细胞与血小板之间的黏附。此外,在淋巴细胞归巢、炎症反应、血栓形成、自身免疫性疾病及肿瘤转移等过程中,选择素还发挥着重要作用。     

Brief: Nursing Diagnostic Applications Derived From National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (NACB) Draft Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus

This brief indicates how methods used by the National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (NACB) in the development of its guidelines and recommendation for the laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus may be applied to advance nomenclature, clinical practice, and research development within nursing. Specifically, human response diagnoses require the identification of accurate tests to confirm or reject the diagnoses. Each test needs to be described in terms of its use, rationale, analytical, and emerging considerations. Accurate test development will move nursing nomenclature, clinical practice, and research forward.