Block copolymers with bipyridine containing segments: Synthesis and self-organization by Cu(I) complexation

The synthesis and properties of segmented ABA triblock and (AB)_n multiblock copolymer systems with 6,6′-disubstituted 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) building blocks B and poly(oxytetramethylene) soft segments A are described. The access to the disubstituted bipyridines in large scale quantities was achieved by modification of conventional synthetic routes. In the presence of copper(I) ions these polymers formed mononuclear [Cu(I)(bpy)₂] complexes in solution through self-assembly. The complexed copolymers were microphase separated systems in bulk with nano to mesoscopic superstructures consisting of copper-bpy complex aggregates in a polyether matrix. The thermal, mechanical and elastomer properties of the block copolymers varied with composition.     

Effects of enteral feedback inhibition on motility,luminal flow,and absorption of nutrients in proximal gut of minipigs

We wanted to clarify whether the postprandial intestinal feedback control activated by nutrients in the distal gut exerts different effects on motility, transit of digesta, and absorption of nutrients in the proximal gut. Additionally, interrelationships among motility, transit, and absorption were to be elucidated because these relationships have only been investigated in the fasted state. In five minipigs, a 150-cm segment of the proximal jejunum was isolated by two cannulas. Motility of the jejunal segment was recorded by multiple strain gauges and analyzed by computerized methods. Markers (Cr- and Cu-EDTA) were used for the measurement of the flow rate, transit time, and absorption of nutrients. After a meal, the test segment was perfused with 2 kcal/min of an elemental diet over a period of 90 min. A feedback inhibition was activated by infusion of nutrients into the midgut at rates of 1–4 kcal/min. Saline was infused as control. With increasing energy loads infused into the midgut, the motility index and the length of contraction waves decreased, whereas the incidence of stationary contractions increased, ie, the motility changed from a propulsive to a segmenting pattern. These modulations of motility were associated with a linear decrease in the flow rate and a linear increase in transit time. Flow and transit were linearly correlated with each other. Additionally, the reduction in flow rate and the delay in luminal transit were associated with a linear increase in the absorption of nutrients. However, the increase in absorption induced by the feedback mechanism was small (7.3–13.4%) compared to the marked inhibition of the motility parameters (54–64%), the flow rate (59%), and the delay of transit (5.8-fold). Feedback control primarily modulated motor patterns and luminal flow, whereas the small increase in absorption was only a side effect due to the longer contact time of the nutrients with the mucosa.The study was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, grant Eh 64/6-3.     

Urinary oxalate and glycolate excretion in healthy infants and children

The molar ratios of oxalate and glycolate over creatinine were determined in single urine samples of 26 infants and 27 children aged 1–5 years. In 135 children aged 5–16 years, two urine specimens were collected, one before breakfast and one at noon. Oxalate was determined by oxalate oxidase, and glycolate was measured by a colorimetric method (improved chromatotropic acid-sulphuric acid assay after prior purification by cation and anion exchanger). Both ratios (expressed in mmol/mol creatinine and analysed on a log-normal basis) were highest in infants 0–6 months old [mean oxalate 147 (95% confidence interval: 60–360), mean glycolate 175 (72–425)]. The mean oxalate ratio was 72 mmol/mol (29–174) at the age of 7–24 months, 44 (19–101) at the age of 2–5 years and 22 (12–40) in adolescents aged 16 years. Molar glycolate ratios were higher, but disclosed the same pattern. Oxalate and glycolate ratios in fasting urines did not differ significantly from those in noon samples (except glycolate in the oldest age group). Oxalate ratios correlated well with glycolate ratios in children up to 5 years of age only. Random urine samples are thus suitable for screening. However, interpretation of data requires use of age-specific reference values that are based on comparable methods.     

Emergency Treatment of Multiply Injured Patients with Unstable Disruption of the Posterior Pelvic Ring by Using the “C–Clamp”

Abstract Purpose: Evaluation of the therapeutic usefulness of the “pelvic C–clamp” (PCC) during emergency treatment of multiply injured patients with unstable disruption of the posterior pelvic ring. Patients and Methods: The data of 28 patients with polytrauma in combination with an unstable fracture of the posterior pelvic ring (average Injury Severity Score [ISS]: 49 points; average Polytrauma Score [PTS]: 41 points) were retrospectively analyzed from the moment they were admitted to the emergency room until 48 h after admittance. The PCC was used immediately for primary stabilization of the pelvis after clinical diagnosis of the unstable pelvic fracture. Main outcome measurements: development of mean blood pressure, development of oxygenation level, period of time until the PCC was placed, number of blood units needed, period of time until circulatory stabilization occurred. Results: The PCC was applied in all cases within an average of 64.7 min after trauma. Seven patients (25%) died within the first 45 min after admission. The surviving patients showed:• an increase in mean blood pressure of 25% 20 min after application of the PCC,• a hemodynamic stabilization 6 h after application of the PCC,• a stabilization of the oxygenation level 6 h after application of the PCC,• a decrease in the number of required blood units 6 h after application of the PCC. Conclusion: The present study shows, that the application of the PCC to critically injured patients with unstable pelvic fractures leads to stabilization of the vital parameters within a short period of time.     

Prof. Dr. Dr. Elmar Esser zum 65. Geburtstag

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Anaphylaxis to isosulfan blue and cross-reactivity to patent blue V: case report and review of the nomenclature of vital blue dyes.

BACKGROUND: Blue dyes used for lymphatic mapping in sentinel lymph node biopsy cause intraoperative anaphylactic reactions in up to 2.7% of patients. With increasing implementation of this technique, the incidence of anaphylaxis to these dyes can be expected to increase. In the literature, the chemically often unrelated and inconsistently designated dyes have been confused, adding to other inconsistencies in the nomenclature. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the nomenclature, chemical and physiologic differences, and allergenicity of the various blue dyes used in a medical context. METHODS: We describe a patient with an intraoperative grade IV anaphylactic reaction to isosulfan blue. Immediate-type hypersensitivity was proved by positive skin test reactions and CD63 expression to isosulfan blue and cross-reactivity to patent blue V. RESULTS: A review of the literature clarified the exact nomenclature of the blue dyes and the possible pitfalls of confusing nomenclature in the context of structurally closely related dyes with different allergenic properties. For the detection of type I hypersensitivity, intracutaneous tests are valuable tools. An IgE-mediated mechanism has been shown recently. In most cases, sensitization exists without known previous exposure in a medical context. This may be due to the widespread use of such dyes in objects of everyday life. Preoperative antiallergic medication use does not prevent anaphylactic reactions but apparently reduces their severity. CONCLUSION: For better comparison and precision, the Chemical Abstracts Service number of the respective dye should always be given.     

The deficiency model: an exploration of current approaches to late-life disorders.

Many of the terms used to describe conditions in elderly individuals, whether medical (deterioration, involution, degeneration) or neurobehavioral (impairment, dysfunction), imply deficiency. The complex of distorted views of real impairment, illness, or disability may be described as the deficiency model. Although developmental theory has expanded explosively and could offer an alternative frame of reference to dispel denigration of the elderly condition, late life continues to be viewed as lacking all redeeming aspects, while mortality is considered an obstacle to prolonging life rather than one of its determinants. Deficiency-model thinking has influenced the conduct of epidemiologic, neurobiologic and clinical research, whose results in turn have often been interpreted to reinforce such thinking. It can also distort clinical approaches to diagnosis and treatment of late-life disorders. This paper offers instead an alternative approach that focuses on late life as a developmental task.