Gluthatione-S-transferase P1 polymorphism I105V in familial and sporadic prostate cancer

Several reports suggest that the glutathione-S-transferase (GST) family of enzymes is involved in a variety of cancers, due to their carcinogen-detoxification properties. A polymorphism in codon 105 of the pi variant (GSTP1 I105V), which affects the enzymatic activity of the enzyme, has been linked to the incidence of cancers from different organs. However, the published data in prostate cancer (PCa) is controversial. Some studies report an association with the GSTP1 I105V polymorphism and sporadic PCa, whereas other studies report no association. Recently, one study showed a positive correlation between the GSTP1 I105V polymorphism and familial PCa in a Japanese population. In the present study, we assessed the correlation of the GSTP1 I105V polymorphism with familial and sporadic PCa in an American population. We analyzed DNA samples from 438 patients with familial PCa, 499 patients with sporadic PCa, and 510 controls. We found no significant association between the GSTP1 I105V polymorphism and familial or sporadic PCa when compared to the control group [odds ratio (OR) =1.0 (0.74-1.37); P=0.58]. Moreover, no association was found after stratification for age of diagnosis, Gleason grade, or lymph node involvement [OR =0.84 (0.65-1.09), P=0.37]. These data indicate that there is no associated risk for sporadic or familial PCa in American families containing the GSTP1 I105V polymorphism.     

Case of postradiation osteosarcoma with a short latency period of 3 years

Osteosarcoma is one of the neoplasms that may occur following exposure to radiation. A case of osteosarcoma arising in the craniofacial bone with a short latency period of 3 years after radiotherapy for maxillary squamous cell carcinoma is described. A 64-year-old-man underwent right partial maxillectomy and chemoradiotherapy due to squamous cell carcinoma of his right maxillary sinus. Histologically, the tumor was composed of moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma with a component of spindle cell carcinoma. Three years later, osteosarcoma developed in the craniofacial bone within the irradiation field of the first tumor. Detailed histological examination demonstrated that there was no component of osteosarcoma in the first tumor or squamous cell carcinoma in the second tumor. Radiation-induced osteosarcoma usually occurs after a long latency period of more than 10 years after the radiotherapy. In this case, osteosarcoma was possibly a radiation-induced osteosarcoma with a short latency period of 3 years.     

HIV/AIDS surveillance in Japan, 1984-2000

The HIV/AIDS surveillance system in Japan, which began collecting data on the number of AIDS patients in 1984 and the number of HIV-infected persons in 1987, has played an important role in monitoring the trend and magnitude of Japan's HIV/AIDS epidemic and its distribution across various population subgroups. However, the system lacks any personal identifiers, making it impossible to eliminate duplication or to track cases for disease progression. It also does not permit the identification of the residence of HIV-infected persons because the residence of only the reporting physician is documented under the New Infectious Diseases Control Law, effective since April 1, 1999. The number of people with HIV/AIDS in Japan continues to grow. Among youth, sexually transmitted diseases, induced abortion, and sexual activities have shown a marked increase since the mid-1990s. Behavioral risk of infection for both injection drug users (IDUs) and men who have sex with men (MSM) remains alarmingly high. Accurate monitoring of infection rates is critical to the planning and evaluation of treatment, care and prevention programs. Japan should restructure its HIV/AIDS surveillance system to more accurately monitor the HIV/AIDS epidemic and related risk behaviors.     

An electron microscopic study of neurosecretion in the cerebral ganglion of the earthworm

Non-synaptic, exocytotic release of neurosecretory granules in cerebral ganglion neurons was observed electron microscopically in 3 species of the oligochaete annelids Aporrectodea caliginosa, Octolasion cyaneum and Lumbricus terrestris. In addition to the features indicating exocytotic release of neurosecretory granules into perineuronal space, possible features of neurosecretion into blood vessels were seen within the cerebral ganglion. Axon terminals in synaptic contact with perikaryal profiles of cerebral ganglion neurons were also found.     

Significance of fibrils in the formation of the Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodule

Summary The pathogenesis of the nodular lesion in diabetic glomerulosclerosis is described in association with fibrils. Thirteen diabetic patients with glomerular nodular lesions and 9 diabetics without the nodules were examined by electron microscopy using periodic acid-thio-carbohydrazide-silver proteinate staining. In cases of nodular glomerulosclerosis, abundant fibrillar structures mixed with electron-dense material were detected within the nodule and the mesangial matrix. They were also occasionally observed along the subendothelial space of the glomerular capillary walls. On the cross-section, these fibrils, including the lucent periphery, were 34 nm wide. Immunohistologically, collagen V and collagen VI were detected in nodular lesions. In contrast, in cases of the diffuse type of glomerulosclerosis, the widened mesangium was composed of dense material, which resembled the original mesangial matrix. The above fibrils were not detected in the mesangium. These findings suggest that the accumulation of the peculiar fibrils in the glomerular mesangium is a major pathogenic factor in the formation of Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules.     

Adjuvant Activity of 6-Amino-6-Deoxy-Muramyldipeptides and Their Acylamino Derivatives on the Induction of Delayed Hypersensitivity to Azobenzenearsonate-N-Acetyl-l-Tyrosine in Guinea Pigs

The 6-amino-6-deoxy-N-acetylmuramyldipeptides and their 6-acylamino derivatives were shown to be active as adjuvants on the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity to azobenzenearsonate-N-acetyl-l-tyrosine in guinea pigs. However, 6-acylamino-6-deoxy-N-(acyl)muramyldipeptides were inactive as adjuvants.     

Fe-rich corpuscles inDiplogonoporus grandis detected using X-ray microanalysis

An energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis of the individual corpuscles in the parenchyma ofDiplogonoporus grandis was performed for the chemical identification of their inorganic composition. Besides the corpuscles showing distinct peaks for calcium, a major inorganic element, a type of corpuscle showing distinct peaks for iron was observed. It is suggested that it is necessary to examine not only the whole corpuscles isolated but also individual corpuscles in the tissue when studying the nature and roles of corpuscles in cestodes.     

Polo-like kinase 1 expression in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid: its relationship with clinicopathological features.

OBJECTIVE: Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is one of the serine-threonine kinases that contributes to cell mitosis and is regarded as a marker of cellular proliferation. However, its protein expression in human carcinoma has not been studied in depth. In this study, we investigated PLK1 expression in medullary thyroid carcinoma by means of immunohistochemistry. METHODS: We immunohistochemically investigated PLK1 expression in 67 cases of medullary thyroid carcinoma. RESULTS: The PLK1 expression level was elevated in 43 of the 67 cases (64.1%). Furthermore, the expression level was directly linked to lymph node metastasis, advanced stage and male sex. All patients who were negative for PLK1 expression are currently alive without tumor recurrence, while 6 of the 43 PLK1-positive patients showed recurrence and 3 have already died of this disease. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that PLK1 expression significantly reflects aggressive characteristics of medullary thyroid carcinoma.