Expression profiles and functional implications of p53-like transcription factors in thymic epithelial cell subtypes

In this study, we investigated the localization and functional significance of p53 tumor suppressor-like molecules, p63 and p73, in human thymic epithelial cells (TECs). Immunohistochemical studies showed particular distribution profiles of p63 and p73 in thymic epithelium, in which cortical TECs preferentially expressed p63 in their nuclei whereas subcapsular and medullary TECs expressed both p63 and p73 in their nuclei. The wide distribution of p63 in TECs was further suggested by studies using TECs of primary culture. In vitro studies using two human TEC lines demonstrated that p63 was capable of up-regulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and enhancing the production of IL-6 and IL-8. Moreover, in vitro studies also indicated that p73, but not p63, had the capacity to induce granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in the TEC lines. These findings suggest that p63 would regulate the cell adhesive property through ICAM-1/LFA-1 interaction and the production of IL-6 and IL-8, probably in all TEC subtypes. p73 in subcapslar and medullary TECs was suggested to play a role in the regulation of the production of GM-CSF and G-CSF, which might stimulate other stromal cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages and endothelial cells around these regions.     

Purification and Characterization of Thermostable Direct Hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

A thermostable direct hemolysin was purified from culture filtrates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The purified hemolysin gave one precipitation line with the antihemolysin antiserum on agar-gel diffusion test and a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The hemolysin was not inactivated by heating at 70 to 100 C for 10 min. The hemolytic activity was not enhanced by the addition of lecithin. It was demonstrated that the hemolysin was a protein with a molecular weight of approximately 118,000. Amino acid analysis revealed that 43% of total amino acids were acidic amino acids, whereas 11% were basic amino acids.     

Dreaming during non-rapid eye movement sleep in the absence of prior rapid eye movement sleep

STUDY OBJECTIVES: There is a long-standing controversy surrounding the existence of dream experiences during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Previous studies have not answered the question whether this "NREM dream" originates from the NREM sleep mechanism because the subject might simply be recalling experiences from the preceding rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. METHODS: We scheduled 11 healthy men to repeat 20-minute nap trials separated by 40-minute periods of enforced wakefulness across a period of 3 days. At the end of the nap trial, each participant answered questions regarding the formal aspects of his dream experiences during the nap trial, using the structured interviews. RESULTS: We obtained a total of 172 dream reports after naps containing REM sleep (REM naps) and 563 after naps consisting of only NREM sleep (NREM naps). Dream reports from NREM naps were less remarkable in quantity, vividness, and emotion than those from REM naps and were obtained more frequently during the morning hours when the occurrences of REM sleep were highest. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the polysomnographic manifestations of REM sleep are not required for dream experiences but that the mechanisms driving REM sleep alter experiences during NREM sleep in the morning. A subcortical activation similar to REM sleep may occur in human NREM sleep during the morning when REM sleep is most likely to occur, resulting in dream experiences during NREM sleep.     

Expression profiling of cytokines and related genes in regenerating skeletal muscle after cardiotoxin injection: a role for osteopontin

To examine the roles of cytokines in muscle regeneration, we injected cardiotoxin into mouse tibialis anterior muscle and examined the expression profiles of cytokines and related genes in the regeneration process. Expression of 40, 64, and 7 genes among 522 genes spotted on a cytokine expression array were increased more than fivefold at 48 hours, 96 hours, and 7 days after toxin injection, respectively, when compared with those of the control muscle. Especially the levels of mRNA for chemokines and chemokine receptors, many of which are potent regulators of macrophages, were highly elevated 48 hours after injury. The expression of osteopontin (OPN), a versatile regulator of inflammation and tissue repair, was up-regulated more than 118-fold in regenerating muscle at 48 hours after injury. Northern blotting confirmed that the expression of OPN was highest at 48 hours after cardiotoxin injection and declined sharply thereafter. Immunohistochemistry showed that OPN was detected both in the cytoplasm of macrophages and in necrotic muscle infiltrated with macrophages. Our studies suggest OPN may serve as an adhesion molecule that promotes macrophage binding to necrotic fibers and may be an important mediator in the early phase of muscle regeneration.     

Two cases of limited cutaneous nodular amyloidosis with primary Sj?gren's syndrome]

We described two female patients with primary Sj?gren's syndrome associated with localized cutaneous nodular amyloidosis (LCNA), in which amyloid protein was derived from immunoglobulin light chain. Case 1; a 70-year-old female had complained with polyarthralgia, low-grade fever and parotid gland swelling. She was diagnosed as primary Sj?gren's syndrome. Three years later she noticed brown color small tumor on the thigh and yellow to brown nodules on the bilateral calves of legs. Skin biopsy from the left thigh revealed amyloid L protein deposition, which was positive for anti-lambda light chain staining, in almost entire dermis. Infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells around the amyloid deposit were prominent. Case 2; a 51-year-old female had noticed increasing eruption on the hip. Skin biopsy revealed amyloid L protein deposition in the dermis, which was negative for anti-lambda nor kappa light chain staining. When she was refereed to our hospital, she complained of xerostomia and xerophthalmia. She was diagnosed as primary Sj?gren's syndrome. In both cases, histological examination of a minor salivary gland biopsy revealed infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells but not amyloid deposit. Serum M protein and urine Bence-Jones protein were not detected. These cases represent localized amyloidosis without systemic involvement. It is widely recognized that Sj?gren's syndrome is frequently accompanied by B cell lymphoproliferative disorders. In LCNA, infiltration of plasma cells around the amyloid deposits was frequently prominent. The relation between these two disorders is discussed.     

Copolymerization of N-carboxy-α-amino acid anhydrides by organometallic compounds

During thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) in a nitrogen atmosphere polyene sequences of different lengths are formed by dehydrochlorination. The distribution of the sequence lengths in the polymer is approximated by analysis of the electron spectra, and the spectroscopically determined polyene content is compared with the amount of hydrogen chloride split off. With increasing temperature, as well as with increasing time of degradation, the distribution of the polyene sequence lengths shifts towards shorter sequences. In contrast to degraded poly(vinyl chloride) powder, degraded poly(vinyl chloride) foils exhibit a marked shift towards longer sequences. Vinylisobutyl ether as comonomer unit in the polymer chains effects a considerable shift of the sequence lengths distribution towards shorter polyene sequences. The spectroscopically determined polyene content agrees with the amount of liberated hydrogen chloride only a t very low conversions while with increasing dehydrochlorination a growing polyene deficit is found. Therefore, it is to be concluded that polyene sequences are consumed by consecutive reactions in which primarily the longer polyene sequences are involved. A further conclusion that may be drawn from these experiments is that the formation of long polyene sequences takes place very rapidly once the initial step of dehydrochlorination has occurred at a labile site. Apart from the above mentioned consecutive reactions, only the number, not the average length, of the polyene sequences changes substantially with increasing time of degradation.     

Reduced NR2A expression and prolonged decay of NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic current in rat vagal motoneurons following axotomy

To elucidate characteristic changes in the N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor on neurons following axotomy, subunit expressions and functional features of the NMDA receptor were examined in the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (DMV) of rats receiving vagal axotomy at the neck. Western blotting analysis demonstrated that the expression of NR2A decreased 2–3 days after in vivo axotomy, while expression of NR1 and NR2B, NR2C and NR2D subunits did not change significantly. To examine the functional changes, patch clamp recordings in whole-cell mode were employed on the axotomized DMV neurons identified by retrograde labelling with fluorescent dye. The amplitude ratios of ifenprodil-sensitive components of NMDA response and d , l -2-amino-5-phosphovaleric acid (APV)-sensitive evoked postsynaptic current increased after axotomy. In addition, APV-sensitive postsynaptic currents exhibited a longer decay time in identified axotomized vagal motoneurons than in control neurons. No significant differences in the current density of the NMDA response and the peak amplitude of APV-sensitive synaptic currents were observed between axotomized and intact DMV neurons. In conclusion, a decrease in NR2A expression results in the appearance of functional characteristics of the NMDA receptor predominantly containing the NR2B subunit. This might lead to a long-term increase of the susceptibility of neurons to excitotoxicity.     

A missense mutation in the proteolipid protein gene responsible for Pelizaeus--Merzbacher disease in a Japanese family

We investigated the proteolipid protein (PLP) gene of two boysin a Japanese family with Pelizaeus—Merzbacher disease(PMD), an X-linked neurologic disorder characterized by dysmyelinationin the central nervous system (CNS). The patients showed similarclinical signs from birth and autopsy on the elder brother confirmeda connatal type of PMD. Direct sequencing of the PLP gene andPLP mRNAs from the brain of the PMD patient revealed a G toT transition in exon V of the PLP gene, which leads to a glycineto cystein substitution at residue 220. Allele-specific oligonucleotidehybridization revealed that this mutation was also present inhis brother, but was absent in 100 X chromosomes of normal Japaneseindividuals. Northern blot analysis showed that the mRNA levelsof PLP and myelin basic protein, two major myelin proteins producedby oligodendrocytes, were much reduced in the PMD brain, hence,there was a specific loss of oligodendrocytes. It seems likelythat the substitution is responsible for PMD (connatal type)in this particular family and causes oligodendrocytes deathin the CNS.     

Zinc Pharmacotherapy for Elderly Osteoporotic Patients with Zinc Deficiency in a Clinical Setting

Although there have been reported associations between zinc and bone mineral density (BMD), no reports exist on the effect of zinc treatment in osteoporotic patients. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy and safety of zinc pharmacotherapy in Japanese elderly patients. The present investigation included 122 osteoporotic patients with zinc deficiency, aged ≥65 years, who completed 12 months of follow-up. In addition to standard therapy for osteoporosis in a clinical setting, the subjects received oral administration of 25 mg zinc (NOBELZIN^®, an only approved drug for zinc deficiency in Japan) twice a day. BMD and laboratory data including bone turnover markers were collected at 0 (baseline), 6, and 12 months of zinc treatment. Neither serious adverse effects nor incident fractures were seen during the observation period. Serum zinc levels were successfully elevated by zinc administration. BMD increased significantly from baseline at 6 and 12 months of zinc treatment. Percentage changes of serum zinc showed significantly positive associations with those of BMD. Bone formation markers rose markedly from the baseline values, whereas bone resorption markers displayed moderate or no characteristic changes. Additive zinc supplementation may contribute to BMD augmentation ensuing the prevention of fracture occurrence in elderly osteoporotic patients with zinc deficiency.