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21.
Economic costs of functional dyspepsia 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Dyspepsia is defined as chronic or recurrent symptoms believed to originate in the upper gastrointestinal tract. When routine investigation results in no identifiable explanation for those symptoms patients are labelled as having functional dyspepsia. In community-based surveys, approximately 30% of the otherwise apparently healthy population report dyspeptic symptoms and the majority are believed to have functional dyspepsia. Although only 1 in 4 or 5 patients make use of healthcare resources, this patient category is one of the largest in ambulatory care (1.6 to 5% of all consultations in general practice). The annual frequency of consultations for functional dyspepsia in Sweden has been estimated at 47 per 1000 population. In consequence of its high prevalence and associated absenteeism, the total costs of functional dyspepsia are considerable. In Sweden in 1981, the costs were estimated at $US55 000 per 1000 population ($US113 630 in 1991 dollars). The most cost-effective management strategy remains to be defined. Evidence is accumulating that the traditional 'wait-and-see' policy with initial empirical therapeutic trials without investigation may not be the most cost conserving strategy. 相似文献
22.
Aguirre Benites JF Duarte Ojeda JM Díaz González R Leiva Galvis O 《Actas urologicas espa?olas》2000,24(1):65-67
Introduction of a new approach for uretero-ileal implantation when only one kidney is available. The technique follows the same approach as the Wallace-type re-implantation but in this case the uretero-ileal anastomosis plate is formed with the far en 2-3 cm of ureter. All cases performed with this technique have been highly successfull as reported in this clinical account. 相似文献
23.
Non-invasive detection of fecal protein kinase C betaII and zeta messenger RNA: putative biomarkers for colon cancer 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Davidson LA; Aymond CM; Jiang YH; Turner ND; Lupton JR; Chapkin RS 《Carcinogenesis》1998,19(2):253-257
We have developed a non-invasive method utilizing feces, containing
sloughed colonocytes, as a sensitive technique for detecting diagnostic
colonic biomarkers. In this study, we used the rat colon carcinogenesis
model to determine if changes in fecal protein kinase C (PKC) expression
have predictive value in monitoring the neoplastic process. Weanling rats
were injected with saline or azoxymethane (AOM) and 36 weeks later fecal
samples and mucosa were collected, poly A+ RNA isolated, and quantitative
RT-PCR performed using primers to PKC betaII and zeta. Fecal PKC betaII and
zeta mRNA levels were altered by the presence of a tumor, with
tumor-bearing animals having a 3-fold higher (P < 0.05) PKC betaII
expression as compared with animals without tumors. In addition,
AOM-injection increased mucosal PKC betaII mRNA expression compared with
saline controls. No effect of tumor incidence on mucosal PKC betaII
expression was observed. In contrast, fecal PKC zeta expression was
2.5-fold lower (P < 0.05) in animals injected with azoxymethane versus
saline. Since tumor incidence exerts a reciprocal effect on fecal PKC
betaII and zeta mRNA expression, data were also expressed as the ratio
between PKC betaII and zeta. The isozyme ratio was strongly related to
tumor incidence, i.e. ratio for animals with tumors was 2.18 +/- 1.25,
animals without tumors was 0.50 +/- 0.16, P = 0.025. We demonstrate that
the expression of fecal PKC betaII and zeta may serve as a noninvasive
marker for development of colon tumors. A sensitive technique for the
detection of colon cancer is of importance since early diagnosis can
substantially reduce mortality.
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The synthesis and secretion of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) was characterized in subcultures of bovine retinal capillary pericytes. The GAGs were metabolically labeled with [3H]glucosamine and 35SO4 for 3 days, and then precipitated from the cell layer or media by cetylpyridinium chloride and ethanol, separated by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and further identified by their susceptibility to degradative procedures. The predominant radioactively labeled GAG associated with the pericyte-cell layer was heparan sulfate (HS). Radioactively labeled chondroitin sulfate (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) were also present in the pericyte-cell layer. No radioactively labeled dermatan sulfate (DS) was detected. The profile of radioactively labeled GAGs secreted by pericytes into the media differed considerably from that associated with the cell layer. Equal amounts of radioactivity were incorporated into HS and CS. Small quantities of radioactively labeled HA were also present in the media. Although no radioactively labeled DS was detected in the pericyte-cell layer, it was present in the media. The total pericyte-cell layer GAG profile was determined by scanning densitometry of the three bands resolved after cellulose acetate electrophoresis and Alcian Blue staining. The slowest band was identified as HS, and accounted for 17% of the total GAGs. The middle band was identified as DS, and accounted for 34% of the total GAGs. The fastest band was tentatively identified as either DS or chondroitinase AC-resistant CS, and constituted 49% of the total GAGs. The GAGs associated with the fibroblast-cell layer and secreted into the media by fibroblasts also were characterized and compared with those produced by pericytes. The major differences were in the secretion of large amounts of HA into the media by fibroblasts, and the presence of radioactively labeled DS in the cell layer of fibroblasts. 相似文献
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