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81.
82.
In this study Spanish and English lay participants were given minimal demographic information regarding 16 hypothetical patients, and were required to rank them in order of priority for a kidney dialysis machine. The patients differed in terms of their gender, smoking behaviour, political affiliation and place of birth. These factors were combined factorially, so that each of the 16 patients presented a unique combination of attributes. The English sample showed a preference for local, female, non-smoking patients. The results for the Spanish sample were similar with respect to place of birth and gender, but smoking behaviour was not significant. Neither sample demonstrated a preference on the basis of political affiliation. The results suggest that certain demographic factors may bias the decision making of individuals or committees involved in the allocation of scarce medical resources. 相似文献
83.
84.
Upregulation of TGF-beta, FOXP3, and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells correlates with more rapid parasite growth in human malaria infection 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Walther M Tongren JE Andrews L Korbel D King E Fletcher H Andersen RF Bejon P Thompson F Dunachie SJ Edele F de Souza JB Sinden RE Gilbert SC Riley EM Hill AV 《Immunity》2005,23(3):287-296
Understanding the regulation of immune responses is central for control of autoimmune and infectious disease. In murine models of autoimmunity and chronic inflammatory disease, potent regulatory T lymphocytes have recently been characterized. Despite an explosion of interest in these cells, their relevance to human disease has been uncertain. In a longitudinal study of malaria sporozoite infection via the natural route, we provide evidence that regulatory T cells have modifying effects on blood-stage infection in vivo in humans. Cells with the characteristics of regulatory T cells are rapidly induced following blood-stage infection and are associated with a burst of TGF-beta production, decreased proinflammatory cytokine production, and decreased antigen-specific immune responses. Both the production of TGF-beta and the presence of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells are associated with higher rates of parasite growth in vivo. P. falciparum-mediated induction of regulatory T cells may represent a parasite-specific virulence factor. 相似文献
85.
A MicroRNA signature associated with prognosis and progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
86.
Morphological and functional plasticity of olfactory ensheathing cells 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
In the primary olfactory pathway, olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) extend processes to envelop bundles of olfactory axons
as they course towards their termination in the olfactory bulb. The expression of growth-promoting adhesion and extracellular
matrix molecules by OECs, and their spatially close association with olfactory axons are consistent with OECs being involved
in promoting and guiding olfactory axon growth. Because of this, OECs have been employed as a possible tool for inducing axonal
regeneration in the injured adult CNS, resulting in significant functional recovery in some animal models and promising outcomes
from early clinical applications. However, fundamental aspects of OEC biology remain unclear. This brief review discusses
some of the experimental data that have resulted in conflicting views with regard to the identity of OECs. We present here
recent findings which support the notion of OECs as a single but malleable phenotype which demonstrate extensive morphological
and functional plasticity depending on the environmental stimuli. The review includes a discussion of the normal functional
role of OECs in the developing primary olfactory pathway as well as their interaction with regenerating axons and reactive
astrocytes in the novel environment of the injured CNS. The use of OECs to induce repair in the injured nervous system reflects
the functional plasticity of these cells. Finally, we will explore the possibility that recent microarray data could point
to OECs assuming an innate immune function or playing a role in modulating neuroinflammation. 相似文献
87.
Identification and characterization of intestinal Peyer's patch interferon-alpha producing (plasmacytoid) dendritic cells 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Recently, a subset of murine dendritic cells (DC) has been identified that resembles human plasmacytoid (pDC) the principal interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) producing cells in blood. In this study, C57BL/10 (B10;H2b) mice were treated with fms-like tyrosine 3 kinase Ligand (Flt3L; 10 microg/d; i.p.; 10 days) that expands DC selectively in vivo. Putative pDC (CD11c+B220+) were identified in the subepithelial dome and in interfollicular regions of intestinal Peyer's patches (PP) from both normal and Flt3L-treated animals. Freshly-isolated, immunobead-purified CD11c+ DC from PP were flow-sorted to obtain lineage- (CD11b-CD19-) CD11c+ B220+ DC (purity>96%). Flow cytometric analysis revealed that these sorted PPpDC were negative for surface markers associated with myeloid DC (CD11b) and expressed only low levels of the "lymphoid-related" DC marker CD8alphaalpha+. They expressed low levels of costimulatory molecules and moderate MHC class II. They proved weak stimulators of na?ve allogeneic (C3H; H2k) T-cell proliferation. Cytospin preparations of sorted CD11c+B220+ cells revealed plasmacytoid morphology similar to that of human pDC. Immunocytochemistry and enzyme immunoassay revealed that, within 24-hour culture with Herpes simplex virus (10 p.f.u./cell), a subpopulation of stimulated (but not unstimulated) CD11c+B220+ DC produced and secreted IFN-alpha. This novel DC subset may play important roles in innate and adaptive immune responses of the gut and in the regulation of mucosal immune reactions. 相似文献
88.
Hunziker L Recher M Macpherson AJ Ciurea A Freigang S Hengartner H Zinkernagel RM 《Nature immunology》2003,4(4):343-349
Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia is a characteristic of chronic inflammatory conditions, including persisting viral infections and autoimmune diseases. Here we have studied hypergammaglobulinemia in mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), which induces nonspecific immunoglobulins as a result of switching natural IgM specificities to IgG. The process is dependent on help from CD4+ T cells that specifically recognize LCMV peptides presented by B cells on major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. Thus, hypergammaglobulinemia may arise when specific helper T cells recognize B cells that have processed viral antigens irrespective of the B cell receptor specificity. This nonspecific B cell activation may contribute to antibody-mediated autoimmunity. 相似文献
89.
Zelazny AM Ferraro MJ Glennen A Hindler JF Mann LM Munro S Murray PR Reller LB Tenover FC Jorgensen JH 《Journal of clinical microbiology》2005,43(6):2613-2615
A nine-laboratory collaborative study was conducted to select positive and negative quality assessment control strains for the detection of inducible clindamycin resistance in staphylococci. Four strains of Staphylococcus aureus were tested as unknowns on 10 different days in each laboratory using the recently recommended CLSI (formerly NCCLS) disk diffusion method and the inoculum purity control method. Strains contained either macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance genes encoded by erm(A) or erm(C) or a macrolide resistance efflux pump encoded by msr(A). Based upon the results of this study, strain UT 32 (now designated ATCC strain BAA-977) containing erm(A) is recommended as the positive control organism for inducible clindamycin resistance. Strain UT 25 (now designated ATCC BAA-976), which harbors the efflux pump encoded by msr(A), is recommended as the negative control organism. 相似文献
90.
Human TLR-7-, -8-, and -9-mediated induction of IFN-alpha/beta and -lambda Is IRAK-4 dependent and redundant for protective immunity to viruses 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Yang K Puel A Zhang S Eidenschenk C Ku CL Casrouge A Picard C von Bernuth H Senechal B Plancoulaine S Al-Hajjar S Al-Ghonaium A Maródi L Davidson D Speert D Roifman C Garty BZ Ozinsky A Barrat FJ Coffman RL Miller RL Li X Lebon P Rodriguez-Gallego C Chapel H Geissmann F Jouanguy E Casanova JL 《Immunity》2005,23(5):465-478
Five TLRs are thought to play an important role in antiviral immunity, sensing viral products and inducing IFN-alpha/beta and -lambda. Surprisingly, patients with a defect of IRAK-4, a critical kinase downstream from TLRs, are resistant to common viruses. We show here that IFN-alpha/beta and -lambda induction via TLR-7, TLR-8, and TLR-9 was abolished in IRAK-4-deficient blood cells. In contrast, IFN-alpha/beta and -lambda were induced normally by TLR-3 and TLR-4 agonists. Moreover, IFN-beta and -lambda were normally induced by TLR-3 agonists and viruses in IRAK-4-deficient fibroblasts. We further show that IFN-alpha/beta and -lambda production in response to 9 of 11 viruses tested was normal or weakly affected in IRAK-4-deficient blood cells. Thus, IRAK-4-deficient patients may control viral infections by TLR-3- and TLR-4-dependent and/or TLR-independent production of IFNs. The TLR-7-, TLR-8-, and TLR-9-dependent induction of IFN-alpha/beta and -lambda is strictly IRAK-4 dependent and paradoxically redundant for protective immunity to most viruses in humans. 相似文献