Whirling disease: re-emergence among wild trout

Summary: Whirling disease of rainbow trout is caused by Myxobolus cerebralis, a myxozoan parasite possessing a life cycle well adapted to the natural environments where salmonid fish are found. Whirling disease was first described in Europe in 1898 among farmed rainbow trout but recent occurrences have been devastating to wild trout in North America. The disease is considered a major threat to survival of wild rainbow trout in the intermountain west of the United States. Difficulties in containing the spread and potentially eliminating the pathogen are tied to features of a complex life cycle involving two hosts, the salmonid fish and an aquatic oligochaete. Details of the morphologic development of the parasite have been described in each host but only now are we beginning to appreciate the breadth of interactions between these developmental forms and the sequential responses of the host. Fundamental mechanisms of the recognition and attachment of the parasite to the hosts, how host immunity is evaded and the unknown influences of environmental factors all contribute to a rather poor understanding of the biology of the parasite. Although the biology and ecology of the salmonid host are better known than for the oligochaete host, our knowledge is inadequate to interpret their complex interactions with the parasite. This uncertainty precludes the development of effective management activities designed to enhance the viability and productivity of wild trout populations in M. cerebralis- positive river systems. Improving our understanding of the hosts, the parasite and the environmental factors determining their interaction should provide for more focused and effective control methods for containing the spread and devastating effects whirling disease is causing to our wild trout populations.     

Optimizing the embryo transfer technique

The technique of embryo transfer is very crucial and great attention and time should be given to this step. In order to optimize the embryo transfer technique, several precautions should be taken. The first and most important is to avoid the initiation of uterine contractility. This can be achieved by the use of soft catheters, gentle manipulation and by avoiding touching the fundus. Secondly, proper evaluation of the uterine cavity and utero-cervical angulation is very important, and can be achieved by performing dummy embryo transfer and by ultrasound evaluation of the utero-cervical angulation and uterine cavity length. Another important step is the removal of cervical mucus so that it does not stick to the catheter and inadvertently remove the embryo during catheter withdrawal. Finally, one has to be absolutely sure that the embryo transfer catheter has passed the internal cervical os and that the embryos are delivered gently inside the uterine cavity.     

Cytokine profile in systemic lupus erythematosus,rheumatoid arthritis,and other rheumatic diseases

We investigated serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-gamma (IFN-), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and its various clinical manifestations of disease and from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other rheumatic diseases. The serum levels of IL-6 and IFN- were highly elevated from patients with SLE associated with lymphadenopathy (LN) or nephrotic syndrome (NS). On the contrary, the serum levels of TNF were elevated from most patients with SLE associated with thrombocytopenia (TP). However, serum levels of TNF were in the normal range from patients with SLE associated with NS, LN, or central nervous system disease. Of interest, patients with SLE associated with humoral immunodeficiency disorder, hypogammaglobulinemia, had highly elevated levels of serum IL-6. The concanavalin A-stimulated mononuclear cells (MNC) of patients with SLE associated with TP secreted highly elevated levels of TNF compared to other patient groups. We suggest that abnormal production of various cytokines in SLE is an intrinsic defect of MNC and the immune system that may be the key element for a variety of clinical manifestations of this disease.     

Glycogen accumulation in synaptic boutons in Clarke's nucleus neuropil after sciatic nerve crush at birth

Summary Glycogen accumulation in the Clarke's nucleus neuropil of young adult rats whose sciatic nerves were crushed in the first postnatal day was investigated with the electron microscope. Glycogen was observed in synaptic boutons and in small myelinated axons. In some terminals, glycogen accumulated in membranebound structures resembling mitochondria and formed large multigranular bodies which were entirely separated from the axoplasm. The multigranular body reached the size of 1.3 m. Glycogen was present as single beta particles of about 25–40 nm in diameter and in aggregations of large alpha clusters. The astrocytic glycogen distribution was almost similar to that of the control specimens. Glycogen was not observed in other glial cells. It is probable that glycogen accumulation in synaptic terminals of partially deafferentiated Clarke's nucleus may result from impaired glycolysis due to deficient resupply of the distal axon with glycolytic enzymes caused by a defect in axoplasmic transport from the hypoplastic sensory neuronal perikarya.     

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage during pregnancy: a comprehensive and systematic review of the literature

Neurosurgical Review - Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is an emergent condition requiring rapid intervention and prolonged monitoring. There are few recommendations regarding the...     

Ocular manifestations of various systemic diseases

Transsphenoidal encephalocele is associated with tongue-shaped retinochoroidal coloboma and optic disc dysplasia. Non-Graves' orbital polymyositis is associated with giant cell myocarditis. Ocular embolic disease can result from papillary fibroelastoma of the heart. Cutaneous melanoma can metastasize to the eye in the form of intraocular pigment without a discrete mass leading to heterochromia, glaucoma, and visual loss. Patients with atopic dermatitis are prone to develop retinal detachment similar in configuration to traumatic retinal detachment. The retinal hamartomas in tuberous sclerosis are usually stable, but occasionally the hamartomas show new or increased calcification, and rarely new lesions appear de novo.     

Guaianolides from Lactuca saligna

The phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of LACTUCA SALIGNA L. revealed the presence of lactucin, lactucopicrin, and a new guaianolide named 11beta,13-dihydrolactucopicrin. The structural configuration was established through spectral data.