1，25-二羟维生素D3对糖尿病大鼠肺脏的保护作用及机制

目的观察1,25-二羟维生素D3[1,25-（OH）：D,]对糖尿病大鼠炎性水平及肺组织Toll样受体4（TLR4）表达的影响,探讨其肺保护作用及机制。方法将90只SD大鼠随机分为对照组（C组）10只及模型组80只,模型组经尾静脉注射STZ制备糖尿病模型,C组注射等体积柠檬酸缓冲液;将模型组造模成功的75只大鼠随机分为糖尿病组（D组）,1,25-（OH）：D,大、中、小剂量干预组（H、M、L组）及精蛋白锌胰岛素干预组（Y组）各15只,其中H、M、L组分别予0．3、0．15、0．025μg/（kg·d）的1,25-（OH）：D3灌胃,Y组予胰岛素颈后皮下注射,c组和D组予蒸馏水2mL灌胃,均为1次/d、连续16周,16周后所有动物均采用股动脉放血处死,立即取肺脏组织置于10％甲醛及液氮中保存。测定各组血糖及血清CRP水平;采用HE、Masson染色法观察肺组织形态学变化,免疫组织化学法检测TLR4、NF-KBp65的蛋白表达;采用PCR法定量检测TLR4、MyD88、NF-KBp65的mRNA表达。结果①D组血糖及血清CRP水平均显著高于C组（P〈0．01）,各干预组均不同程度低于D组,尤以H组为著（P〈0．01）。②D组肺泡壁重度增厚、肺间质明显增生、大量炎症细胞浸润,H、Y、M及L组肺泡壁轻到中度增厚、炎细胞浸润明显;与c组比较,余5组TLR4、NF-KBp65蛋白表达有所升高,其中H、Y组显著低于D组。③D组,TLR4、MyD88和NF-KBp65的mRNA表达显著高于C组（P〈0．01）,各干预组表达水均低于D组。肺组织TLR4mRNA表达与MyD88mRNA（r=0．610）、NF-KBp65mRNA表达（r=0．744）均呈正相关,P均〈0．001;MyD88mRNA与NF-KBp65mRNA表达亦呈正相关（r=0．609）,P〈0．001。结论1,25-（OH）：D,可能通过TLR4介导的炎症途径对STZ诱导的糖尿病大鼠肺脏病变发挥保护作用。     

Pathways of synthesis of ranitidine (review)

Translated from Khimiko-farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 53–56, May, 1990.     

Ultrastructural characteristics of the sporogenesis of genus Myxobolus infecting some Nile fishes in Egypt

This study presents the ultrastructural characteristics of sporogenesis in the genus Myxobolus which infects four economically important Egyptian fishes: Oreochromis niloticus niloticus, Barbus bynni, Labeo niloticus and Hydrocynus forskalii, specimens of which were collected at Giza city. Although the cysts were observed in different organs, the pattern of sporogenesis was the same. Moreover, the sporogenesis found in the present study followed the usual pattern valid for most of the myxosporean genera studied.     

Alzheimer's disease associated with mutations in presenilin 2 is rare and variably penetrant

Missense mutations in the presenilin 2 (PS-2) gene on chromosome 1 were sought by direct nucleotide sequence analysis of the open reading frame of 60 pedigrees with familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). In the majority of these pedigrees, PS-1 and beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta APP) gene mutations had been excluded. While no additional PS-2 pathogenic mutations were detected, four silent nucleotide substitutions and alternative splicing of nucleotides 1338-1340 (Glu325) were observed. Analysis of additional members of a pedigree known to segregate a Met239Val mutation in PS-2 revealed that the age of onset of symptoms is highly variable (range 45-88 years). This variability is not attributable to differences in ApoE genotypes. These results suggest (i) that, in contrast to mutations in PS-1, mutations in PS-2 are a relatively rare cause of FAD; (ii) that other genetic or environmental factor modify the AD phenotype associated with PS-2 mutations; and (iii) that still other FAD susceptibility genes remain to be identified.      

Bacteria etiological agents causing respiratory tract infections in children and their resistance patterns to a panel of ten antibiotics

ObjectiveTo study the bacteria etiological agents of respiratory tract infection among 280 school children in South East Nigeria, and to determine their antimicrobial resistance patterns to a panel of ten antibiotics.MethodsThroat swabs (280) were collected from students in four boarding schools located in Enugu and Onitsha metropolis. Standard microbiological procedures were used to screen these swabs to determine the prevalence of respiratory pathogens while the disc diffusion test was used to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the recovered isolates.ResultsOf the 280 samples screened, 57.1% were positive. Haemophilus influenzae was the most prevalent (16.1%), followed by Streptococcus pyogenes (13.9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.5%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (6.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (5.4%) and Corynebacterium diphtheriae (2.5%). More isolates were recovered in the two male schools investigated. However, there was no significant difference in the overall prevalence of isolates according to sex or school location of the subjects. Greater number of isolates (56%) was recovered from those aged 11–14 years. This was statistically significant (P<0.05), compared to the other two age groups (15–18 years and 19–23 years). The pattern of resistance varied according to the bacteria species. There were multi-resistant isolates. Since these students stand the risk of contracting respiratory tract infection particularly from reservoirs among them, there is need to increase surveillance and develop better strategies to curb the increasing prevalence of respiratory tract infection in this and other similar regions of Africa.ConclusionsThe spectrum of bacteria causing respiratory tract infection is still wide in Nigeria. Many isolates showed appreciable levels of antibiotic resistance apparently due to antibiotic abuse. Development of new strategies to curb this increasing prevalence of respiratory tract infection is warranted.     

A homoallelic FECH mutation in a patient with both erythropoietic protoporphyria and palmar keratoderma

Background Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is a hereditary disorder caused by the deficiency of ferrochelatase (FECH) in the haem biosynthetic pathway. In the majority of families, EPP is transmitted as a pseudodominant trait. Autosomal recessive form of EPP is found in only about 3% of the families. Objectives In this study, we describe a 6‐year‐old boy who suffered from both EPP and palmar keratoderma. Methods and Results A novel homoallelic missense mutation (p.Ser318Tyr) was identified in the FECH gene. In addition, a region of homozygosity of approximately 6.8 Mb was observed in chromosome 18 of the patient by both microsatellite and SNP array. The parents of the patient, both of Palestinian (Jordanian) origin, were heterozygous for the S318Y mutation, although no history of consanguinity was known. Microsatellite genotyping identified a partial haplotype from each parent that corresponds to the region of homozygosity in the patient. Assuming S318Y is a founder mutation, the number of generations separating the two parents from their common ancestor from whom they inherited S318Y was estimated as 21.7 (95% CI 3.42–69.7). Conclusion EPP was therefore inherited as an autosomal recessive trait in the family. This study confirms the association between palmar keratoderma and autosomal recessive EPP.     

Serum luteinizing hormone,follicle-stimulating hormone and oestradiol pattern in women undergoing pituitary suppression with different gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue protocols for assisted reproduction

Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRH-a) are used widely in controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) cycles for assisted reproduction. At present, there is great debate about the influence of exogenous hormone activity on the hypothalamus–pituitary axis following pituitary desensitization. The objective of this comparative study was to investigate the pattern of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and oestradiol in women undergoing ovarian stimulation with different GnRH-a preparations. We retrospectively analysed 201 women, aged between 27 and 43 years, who were referred consecutively to our infertility clinic between January 2002 and January 2003. All women had no endocrinopathies or occult ovarian failure as assessed by day-3 hormone profile. Women were enrolled in one of the following COS protocols: depot triptorelin long protocol (n?=?38), buserelin long protocol (n?=?101) or buserelin short protocol (n?=?62). Recombinant FSH was used to induce ovulation. Treatment was monitored by transvaginal ultrasound scan and serum measurement of FSH, LH and oestradiol. Among the women initially included, 30 had cancelled cycles due to poor ovarian response. Serum LH levels were significantly higher in the short-protocol group compared with the long-protocol groups (p?<?0.001). The number of follicles, oocyte yield, number of grade-I embryos and fertilization rate were significantly lower in the short-protocol group than in the long-protocol groups. These findings showed that LH concentrations are significantly higher in women undergoing reversible medical hypophysectomy with a GnRH-a short protocol than in women treated with a long protocol. The hypothesis of an LH ceiling is confirmed.     

论高等医学院校普及医院信息系统课程

在我国,医院信息系统已是现代化医院工作的支撑环境。高等医学院校的医院信息系统课程留白,可能削弱医学生临床工作能力和职业适应力。文章阐明了高等医学院校开设医院信息系统专业课的重要性,讨论了教学目标、教学内容;详细介绍了高校与医院合作建立HIS实验室、实地教学和针对专业掌握实际操作技能的教学方法。