Context Controlling postoperative pain after knee replacement
while reducing opiod-induced adverse effects and improving outcomes
remains an important challenge.
Objective To assess the effect of combined preoperative
and postoperative administration of a selective inhibitor of
cyclooxygenase 2 on opioid consumption and outcomes after total
knee arthroplasty (TKA).
Design, Setting, and Patients Randomized, placebo-controlled,
double-blind trial conducted June 2001 through September 2002,
enrolling 70 patients aged 40 to 77 years and undergoing TKA
at a university hospital in the United States.
Interventions Patients were randomly assigned to receive
50 mg of oral rofecoxib at 24 hours and at 1 to 2 hours before
TKA, 50 mg daily for 5 days postoperatively, and 25 mg daily
for another 8 days, or matching placebo at the same times.
Main Outcome Measures Postoperative outcomes including
postsurgical analgesic consumption and pain scores achieved,
nausea and vomiting, joint range of motion, sleep disturbance,
patient satisfaction with analgesia, and hematologic and coagulation
parameters.
Results Total epidural analgesic consumption and in-hospital
opioid consumption were less in the group receiving rofecoxib
compared with the group receiving placebo (
P<.05). Median
pain score (visual analog scale [VAS], 0-10) achieved for the
knee was lower in the rofecoxib group compared with the placebo
group during hospital stay (2.2 [interquartile range {IQR},
1.4-3.2] vs 3.5 [IQR, 2.7-4.3],
P<.001) and 1 week after
discharge (2.6 [IQR, 1.4-3.5] vs 3.7 [IQR, 2.9-4.7],
P = .03).
There was less postoperative vomiting in the rofecoxib group
(6%) compared with the placebo group (26%) (
P = .047), as well
as a decrease in sleep disturbance compared with the placebo
group on the night of surgery (
P = .006) and on the first (
P = .047) and second (
P<.001) days postoperatively. Knee flexion
was increased in the rofecoxib group compared with the placebo
group at discharge (active flexion: mean [SD], 84.2° [11.1°]
vs 73.2° [13.6°],
P = .03; passive flexion: 90.5°
[6.8°] vs 81.8° [13.4°],
P = .05) and at 1 month
postoperatively (109.3° [8.5°] vs 100.8° [11.8°],
P = .01), with shorter time in physical therapy to achieve effective
joint range of motion. The rofecoxib group was more satisfied
with analgesia and anesthesia at discharge compared with the
placebo group (median satisfaction score, 4.3 [IQR, 3.0-4.7]
vs 3.3 [IQR, 2.3-4.3], respectively;
P = .03), and the differences
persisted at 2-week and at 1-month follow-up. There was no intergroup
difference in surgical blood loss (
P>.05 for both intraoperative
and postoperative blood loss).
Conclusion Perioperative use of an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase
2 is an effective component of multimodal analgesia that reduces
opioid consumption, pain, vomiting, and sleep disturbance, with
improved knee range of motion after TKA.
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