Hepatitis C virus reactivation in cancer patients in the era of targeted therapies

The purpose of this review is to summarize the evidence of hepatitis C reactivation in cancer patients in the era of targeted therapies.Targeted therapies are novel therapeutics frequently used in cancer patients.During treatment with targeted therapies,viral replication is one of the major problems that can occur.The PubMed database,ASCO,and ASCO Gastrointestinal Cancer Symposium abstracts were searched up until September 15,2013 using the following search keywords:"targeted therapies,rituximab,alemtuzumab,brentuximab,hepatitis,hepatitis C reactivation,tyrosine kinase inhibitors,imatinib,mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)inhibitors,everolimus,anti-HER therapies,trastuzumab,pertuzumab,lapatinib,antiepidermal growth factor receptor therapies,cetuximab,panitumumab,and ipilimumab".Papers considered relevant for the aim of this review were selected by the authors.The data about rituximab-induced hepatic flare in hepatitis C virus(HCV)positive patients is controver-sial.However,there is the possibility of life-threatening hepatic flare that can develop after HCV ribonucleic acid(HCV-RNA)viral load increases.Routine followup of liver function tests should be advised.Especially in high-risk patients,such as those with baseline chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis,and where there are plans to administer rituximab concomitantly with corticosteroids,it is advised to have close follow-up of HCV viral load.The data is insufficient to make accurate statements about the association of alemtuzumab therapy and HCV reactivation.However,alemtuzumab may cause deep immunosuppression.Due to this,it is better to follow up with liver function tests and HCV RNA levels during alemtuzumab therapy.Brentuximab has effects on antibody dependent cellular toxicity and may decrease humoral immunity.Thus,we believe that during brentuximab treatment of HCV infected patients,clinicians may encounter hepatitis C reactivation.There have been no reported cases of hepatitis C reactivation with imatinib therapy.However,there are many reports of hepatitis B reactivation with imatinib treatment.Based on the evidence of hepatitis B reactivation with imatinib and the effects of imatinib on immune system functions,we suggest that imatinib therapy might be a risk factor for HCV reactivation.Anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 therapies are not associated with hepatic flare in HCV infected patients.Post-transplant studies reported that mTOR was safely administered to patients with active hepatitis C without causing hepatic flare.Cetuximab and panitumumab have not been associated with HCV reactivation.Two cases of HCV infected melanoma were safely treated with ipilimumab without any HCV reactivation or hepatic flare.Targeted therapies are a new and emerging area of oncology treatment modalities.While treating HCV infected cancer patients,clinicians should be mindful of the immunosuppressive properties of targeted therapies.Further randomized trials are needed to establish algorithms for this issue.     

浅谈人文情怀在病原微生物与免疫学基础学科中的融入

病原微生物分子流行病学研究对感染性疾病的诊断、治疗、预防具有重要的意义.在现代教育人们通常会忽视人文情怀的作用,缺乏人文情怀的教育往往比较片面和功利,为了全面培养学生,构建和谐社会,本文就如何在病原微生物和免疫基础学科中融入人文情怀的问题进行探讨,以期能改变现代教育不足的地方,为培养学生健康成长提供理论基础.     

多方面分析患者病种让外科医生及时救死扶伤

随着交通的日益便捷，生活的水平提高，人们的患病率和病种也在不断的提高和增多。作为外科急诊手术医师，掌握患者病情，了解患者病种，对提高患者的存活率有很大的帮助。所以我院急诊外科医生整理了近三年的手术患者病种的疾病分类并进行了分析，提高了急诊医师的技术水平。     

不同发病年龄冠心病病人的临床特点及相关危险因素分析

目的探讨不同发病年龄冠心病患者的临床特点,分析其相关危险因素。方法择取冠心病患者60例做对照研究,根据发病年龄为依据分组,其中28例发病年龄中女性65岁、男性55岁作为A组,其余32例发病年龄中女性≥65岁、女性≥55岁作为B组,对比分析两组临床特点,分析相关危险因素。结果两组临床特点:A组急性冠脉综合征、单支病变发生率高于B组(P0.05),A组右冠状动脉病变、左回旋支病变低于B组(P0.05),两组左主干病变、左前降支病变发生率对比无明显差异(P0.05)。单因素结果:A组高血脂发生率低于B组(P0.05),A组家族史、吸烟发生率高于B组(P0.05),A组HDL-C指标水平低于B组(P0.05),两组性别男、肥胖、高血压、Lp-PLA2、LDL-C、TG、TC、空腹血糖对比无明显差异(P0.05)。Logistic多因素分析显示,高血脂、家族史、吸烟、HDL-C均是不同年龄冠心病患者危险因素。结论不同发病年龄冠心病患者,其临床特点与危险因素均存在差异,临床应该根据不同年龄患者临床特点以及危险因素,做好疾病防治。     

循环胆固醇及其相关基因变异在早发型阿尔茨海默病中的作用及机制

早发型阿尔茨海默病（EOAD）是65岁之前发病的以进行性认知障碍及行为异常为特征的神经系统退行性疾病。作为常染色体显性遗传疾病，EOAD的发病机制主要与基因突变有关。研究表明胆固醇及其相关基因变异参与EOAD发病。胆固醇可能通过载脂蛋白E基因ε4等位基因（ApoE ε4）介导促进EOAD发生，也可能是EOAD独立于ApoE ε4的危险因素，具体作用机制尚不明确。对EOAD患者进行基因检测发现，与胆固醇代谢相关的载脂蛋白A1（ApoA1）基因、载脂蛋白B（ApoB）基因、载脂蛋白C1（ApoC1）基因、载脂蛋白C2（ApoC2）基因、载脂蛋白D（ApoD）基因、载脂蛋白E（ApoE）基因、三磷酸腺苷结合盒A1转运蛋白（ABCA1）基因、三磷酸腺苷结合盒A2转运蛋白（ABCA2）基因、三磷酸腺苷结合盒A7转运蛋白（ABCA7）基因、3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶（HMGCR）基因、分拣蛋白相关受体1（SORLl）均与EOAD有关。现将胆固醇及相关基因变异在EOAD发病机制中的作用做一综述，旨在为EOAD早期诊断提供临床思路，为EOAD的治疗提供新的靶点。     

细节化优质护理对脑梗塞患者心理状态及护理依从性的影响探讨

目的探讨个性化高品质护理对脑梗塞病人心态和护理顺应性的影响。方法选取2016年2月至2017年12月来我院进行诊治的300例脑梗塞患者进行实验,随机将其分为对照组和研究组,对对照组进行普通护理;研究组进行个性化高品质护理防治,比较两者临床疗效。结果研究组的SAS、SDS评分明显比对照组好,而且研究组病人顺应性评分也明显比对照组高。结论具体化高品质护理在改善病人消极心态上有较为明显的成效,能够提升病人顺应性,应用价值较高,值得临床推广应用。     

Ecological study of gastric cancer in Brazil:Geographic and time trend analysis

AIM:To investigate the geographic distributions and time trends of gastric cancer(GC)incidence and mortality in Brazil.METHODS:An ecological study of the DATASUS registry was conducted by identifying hospitalizations for GC between January 2005 and December 2010.The data included information on the gender,age,and town of residence at the time of hospital admission and death.RESULTS:The GC rates,adjusted according to available hospital beds,decreased from 13.8 per 100000in 2005 to 12.7 per 100000 in 2010.The GC rates decreased more among the younger age groups,in which the male-to-female difference also decreased in comparison to the older age groups.Although the lethality rates tended to increase with age,young patients were proportionally more affected.The spatial GC distribution showed that the rates were higher in the south and southeast.However,while the rates decreased in the central-west and south,they increased in the northern regions.A geographic analysis showed higher rates of GC in more urbanized areas,with a coast-toinland gradient.Geographically,GC lethality overlapped greatly with the hospital admission rates.CONCLUSION:The results of this study support the hypothesis of a critical role for environmental factors in GC pathogenesis.The declining rates in young patients,particularly males,suggest a relatively recent decrease in the exposure to risk factors associated with GC.The spatial distribution of GC indicates an ongoing dynamic change within the Brazilian environment.