Second-trimester sex hormone-binding globulin and subsequent development of pre-eclampsia.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether maternal plasma sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations are reduced in women who subsequently develop pre-eclampsia. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study, carried out at antenatal clinics in seven hospitals in and around London. Healthy women underwent uterine artery Doppler velocimetry as a screening method for pre-eclampsia at 22-24 weeks of gestation. The first group (408 women) had normal uterine artery Doppler waveforms (mean uterine artery pulsatility index (PI) below 1.6). The second group (274 women) had increased impedance to flow in the uterine arteries (mean PI above the 95th centile, 1.6). Maternal plasma SHBG concentrations were measured retrospectively using a competitive chemiluminescent immunoassay. Pre-eclampsia was as defined by the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy. RESULTS: Plasma SHBG concentrations in the 80 (11.7%) women who subsequently developed pre-eclampsia were significantly lower than in the 585 (85.8%) women with normal pregnancy outcomes (median 336, range 142-674 nmol/l vs. median 336, range 142-674 nmol/l, p = 0.001). There was a strong correlation between SHBG concentrations and body mass index (r =-0.232246, p < 0.0001). There were no significant differences in maternal plasma SHBG concentrations in women with abnormal uterine artery Doppler (n = 274) compared with controls (n = 408) (median 324, range 101-635 nmol/l vs. median 336, range 142-674 nmol/l, p = 0.09). CONCLUSION: Maternal plasma SHBG concentrations are reduced in women who subsequently develop pre-eclampsia.     

Clinical and laboratory characteristics of cerebral infarction in tuberculous meningitis: a comparative study.

Cerebral infarction as a complication of tubercular (TB) meningitis is not uncommon, but an adequate comparison of patients with and without stroke has not been carried out. This study was performed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of cerebral infarction secondary to TB meningitis, and to investigate predictive factors for cerebral infarction in patients with TB meningitis. Patients with TB meningitis were recruited over a period of 56 months. They were divided into two groups, those with and those without stroke. Demographic features and clinical, laboratory, and neuroradiological findings were compared between the two groups. We classified strokes into subtypes using neuroimaging findings. Of the 38 patients who were diagnosed with TB meningitis, eight also experienced cerebral infarction. The percentage of cerebrospinal fluid leukocytes that were neutrophils was significantly higher in patients with stroke (68%) than in patients without stroke (31%; p=0.0001). Upon initial CT imaging, meningeal enhancement was found in 11 patients, and of these patients, six experienced stroke. There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to other clinical and laboratory features, including demographic features, time between meningitis onset and treatment initiation, peripheral white blood cell count, and cerebrospinal fluid findings. Five of the eight patients who developed stroke had lacunar infarcts. One of the three patients with territorial nonlacunar infarction died due to herniation. When treating patients with TB meningitis, the possibility of cerebral infarction should be considered when patients develop focal neurological signs, meningeal enhancement on a CT scan, and sustained polymorphic cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis.     

Effects of cerulenin on the endogenous fatty acid synthetic activity in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity.

PURPOSES: Inhibition of cerulenin on the endogenous fatty acid synthetic activities of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and normal oral mucosa was assayed. METHODS: Squamous cell carcinoma and normal oral mucosa were collected fresh from surgical specimens. The collected tissues were minced in RPMI 1640 and divided into 3 groups: cerulenin treated, dimethylsulfoxide treated, and control. The tissues were incubated in [1(2)-(14)C]acetic acid, sodium salt for the last 2.5 hours of the treatment at 37 degrees C in 5% CO(2). After labeling, total lipids were extracted and counted for (14)C by scintillation counting. RESULTS: Endogenous fatty acid synthetic activities of oral squamous cell caranoma in the cerulenin-treated group decreased by 19% at 1 hour, 64% at 2 hours, and 87% at 4 hours; remained nearly unchanged in the dimethylsulfoxide-treated group; and increased slightly in the control group. The oral mucosa tissues were only mildly affected by cerulenin in fatty acid synthesis. CONCLUSIONS: Cerulenin significantly inhibits fatty acid synthetic activity in squamous cell carcinoma and only mildly affected the oral mucosa, indicating that the fatty acid synthetic pathway may be exploited as a target for developing anticancer drugs.     

Methacholine and adenosine 5'-monophosphate challenges in children with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans.

Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is a characteristic feature of asthma, but is also frequently demonstrated by children and adults with chronic obstructive lung diseases. AHR is usually measured by bronchial challenges using direct or indirect stimuli. The aim of this study was to compare these two types of bronchial challenge in children with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (BO). Methacholine and adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) challenges were used as tools for the evaluation of AHR to direct and indirect stimuli, respectively, in children with post-infectious BO (n = 28). These results were compared with those of asthmatic (n = 30) and control children (n = 25). Altogether, twenty-two patients (78.6%) with post-infectious BO were hyperreactive to methacholine with a provocative concentration causing a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second (PC20) of <16 mg x mL(-1), but only six (21.4%) were hyperreactive to AMP with a PC20 of <200 mg x mL(-1). All patients with asthma responded positively to methacholine, and most (28, 93.3%) also responded positively to AMP. The majority of controls were insensitive to both challenges. Airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine is a frequent, but by no means universal, finding in children with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans, but is usually not accompanied by airway hyperresponsiveness to adenosine 5'-monophosphate. This finding suggests that airway hyperresponsiveness in patients with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans has characteristics that differ from those of asthmatic subjects.     

Epidural hematoma following use of a three-point skull clamp.

We report an unusual case of epidural hematoma secondary to the use of a three-point skull-fixation device. Initially, a posterior-fossa brain tumor with hydrocephalus was diagnosed in a 15-year-old boy. Midline suboccipital craniectomy was performed with the patient placed in the prone position. A Mayfield (Ohio Medical Instrument Co., Cincinnati, OH, USA) skull clamp was used for fixation of the head during the surgical procedure, following which, a huge epidural hematoma developed within 6 hours of surgery, due to skull penetration and fracture at one of the clamp's pin sites located proximate to the coronal suture.     

Buccal mucosal graft for urethral reconstruction.

Urethral reconstruction with graft substances, such as skin and bladder mucosa, has been previously used when primary anastomosis cannot be achieved. However, stricture and meatal prolapse are associated with these grafts. We report the use of buccal mucosa for the reconstruction of urethral defects in 3 patients. One patient with failed operation for hypospadias received tube buccal mucosal graft for urethral replacement. Two patients with urethral necrosis and stricture received onlay buccal mucosal graft. All patients were disease-free during follow-up (range, 12 to 49 months; mean, 36 months). One patient had a pinhole fistula that was successfully managed with simple repair. This technique appears to be useful for urethral reconstruction when a local graft is not available, even in patients with complicated conditions.     

The CLDN5 locus may be involved in the vulnerability to schizophrenia.

The present study was designed to detect three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located on 22q11 that was thought as being of particularly importance for genetic research into schizophrenia. We recruited a total of 176 Chinese family trios of Han descent, consisting of mothers, fathers and affected offspring with schizophrenia for the genetic analysis. The transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) showed that of three SNPs, rs10314 in the 3'-untranslated region of the CLDN5 locus was associated with schizophrenia (chi(2) = 4.75, P = 0.029). The other two SNPs, rs1548359 present in the CDC45L locus centromeric of rs10314 and rs739371 in the 5'-flanking region of the CLDN5 locus, did not show such an association. The global chi-square (chi(2)) test showed that the 3-SNP haplotype system was not associated with schizophrenia although the 1-df test for individual haplotypes showed that the rs1548359(C)-rs10314(G)-rs739371(C) haplotype was excessively non-transmitted (chi(2) = 5.32, P = 0.02). Because the claudin proteins are a major component for barrier-forming tight junctions that could play a crucial role in response to changing natural, physiological and pathological conditions, the CLDN5 association with schizophrenia may be an important clue leading to look into a meeting point of genetic and environmental factors.     

NADPH-Diaphorase-Positive Neurons in Primate Cerebral Cortex Colocalize with GABA and Calcium-Binding Proteins

Neurons in the monkey cerebral cortex containing nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) can he dividedinto two distinct types, both nonpyramidal. Type I neurons havea large soma (diameter 20–50 µm), a dense NADPH-dhistochemical reaction. and are distributed throughout the cortex,but mainly in the subcortical white matter, and are mostly aspiny.Type II cells have a small soma (< 20 µm) with lightNADPH-d reactivity and are distributed primarily in the supragranularlayers, particularly layers II and upper III. The numericaldensity of type II cells is much greater than that of type I.Type I neurons also stain for GABA and a few intracortical typeI cells contain calbindin. All type II cells found here arecolocalized with both GABA and calbindin. Neither type I nortype II cells are stained for parvalbumin. Together with previous observations that almost all corticalNADPH-d cells in various subprimates are like type I cells,we suggest that type II cells may form a group of NADPH-d-richneurons differentiated in higher mammalian cortex from a subpopulationof calbindin-containing GABAergic interneurons, and these nitricoxide-synthesizing cells may play a role in control of intracorticalneuronal activity characteristic of higher cerebral functionsin advanced mammals.     

对数期继代对南方红豆杉细胞培养动力学的影响

目的 解决南方红豆杉细胞生长缓慢及代谢水平低下的问题。方法 对对数期(20d)和静止期(30d)的红豆杉细胞分别进行继代，在整个生长周期中测定了培养基中的碳源、氮源、磷酸盐的变化并分析了红豆杉细胞生长及紫杉醇的合成情况。结果 对数期继代细胞吸收碳源和硝态氮早于静止期继代的细胞，且前者的比生长速度是后者的1．5倍，紫杉醇含量提高了近4倍。结论 对数期继代有利于生物量的积累及紫杉醇的合成。