Congenital anatomic variants of the kidney and ureter: a pictorial essay

Congenital renal parenchymal and pelvicalyceal abnormalities have a wide spectrum. Most of them are asymptomatic, like that of ectopia, cross fused kidney, horseshoe kidney, etc., while a few of them become complicated, leading to renal failure and death. It is very important for the radiologist to identify these anatomic variants and guide the clinicians for surgical and therapeutic procedures. Cross-sectional imaging with a volume rendered technique/maximum intensity projection has overcome ultrasonography and IVU for identification and interpretation of some of these variants.     

Impact of scanning density on spectral domain optical coherence tomography assessments in neovascular age‐related macular degeneration

Purpose: To determine the effect of optical coherence tomography (OCT) B‐scan density on the qualitative assessment of neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: Data were collected from 59 patients imaged with Topcon 3D OCT‐1000 (128 B‐scans × 512 A‐scans). Custom software was used to generate less dense subsets of scans: 1/16 (eight B‐scans), 1/8 (16 B‐scans), 1/4 (32 B‐scans) and 1/2 (64 B‐scans). At each B‐scan density, scans were assessed for cystoid spaces, subretinal fluid (SRF), subretinal tissue (SRT) and pigment epithelium detachment (PED). For each sampling density, sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were calculated using the full volume scan (128 B‐scans) as the reference standard. Results: For cystoid spaces, the detection sensitivity was 76.3% at 1/16 density; this rose to 89.5% with a 1/4 density. For SRF, the detection sensitivity was 75.0% at a 1/16 density; this increased to 91.1% with 1/4 density. For PED, even at the lowest sampling density (1/16) the detection sensitivity was 86.4%; this rose to 94.9% at 1/4 density. For SRT, detection sensitivity at a 1/16 density was 64.7% and only rose above 90% with the densest sampling subset (1/2). Conclusions: Use of scanning protocols with reduced sampling densities resulted in decreased detection of key features of neovascular AMD; despite this, a sampling density reduced to 1/4 appeared to allow accurate assessment for most features. Current management of neovascular AMD is dependent on qualitative assessment of OCT images; with the recent proliferation of OCT systems, optimization and standardization of scanning protocols may be of value.     

一例分离型抽搐发作表现为肌阵挛癫痫（英文）

概述:心因性抽搐发作经常会漏诊,并且癫痫往往会被过度治疗从而导致多种财力、社会、以及耻辱感相关的问题。肌阵挛癫痫发作本身是一种罕见的现象,当功能性运动障碍呈现肌阵挛的时候就极难找到确切的原因。在这里,我们呈现一个被误诊为肌阵挛癫痫发作障碍的病例,该患者在多处经过治疗却无好转并且最终被诊断为患有非常罕见的功能性运动障碍。