不同焦虑水平的操作员在有目的竞争活动中的心理生理参数

研究并讨论了在模拟状态下飞行员的心理－生理活动的焦虑水平。焦虑指的是一种特定的性格状态，从事危险职业的人由于经常性地受到紧张因素的影响，会产生长期的或暂时的焦虑。研究结果表明，当选拔在复杂环境条件下工作的操作者时，应优先考虑低焦虑水平的人；而当小组共同完成任务时，应着重考虑焦虑水平相当的人。     

Pre‐exposure prophylaxis: awareness,acceptability and risk compensation behaviour among men who have sex with men and the transgender population

Objectives

This exploratory study examined the facilitators of and barriers to acceptance of pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and potential risk compensation behaviour emerging from its use among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender individuals (TGs) in India.

Methods

A questionnaire was administered to 400 individuals registered with a targeted intervention programme. Logistic regression models were used to identify facilitators of and barriers to PrEP acceptance.

Results

The respondents consisted of 68% MSM and 32% TGs. Risk behaviour categorization identified 40% as low risk, 41% as medium risk and, 19% as high risk for HIV infection. About 93% of the respondents were unaware of PrEP, but once informed about it, 99% were willing to use PrEP. The facilitators of PrEP acceptance were some schooling [odds ratio (OR) 2.16; P = 0.51], being married or in a live‐in relationship (OR 2.08; P = 0.46), having a high calculated risk (OR 3.12; P = 0.33), and having a high self‐perceived risk (OR 1.8; P = 0.35). Increasing age (OR 2.12; P = 0.04) was a significant barrier. TGs had higher odds of acceptance of PrEP under conditions of additional cost (OR 2.12; P = 0.02) and once‐daily pill (OR 2.85; P = 0.04). Individuals identified as low risk for HIV infection showed lower odds of potential risk compensation, defined as more sexual partners (OR 0.8; P = 0.35), unsafe sex with new partners (OR 0.71; P = 0.16), and decreased condom use with regular partners (OR 0.95; P = 0.84), as compared with medium‐risk individuals. The associations, although not statistically significant, are nevertheless important for public health action given the limited scientific evidence on PrEP use among MSM and TGs in India.

Conclusions

With high acceptability and a low likelihood of risk compensation behaviour, PrEP can be considered as an effective prevention strategy for HIV infection among MSM and TGs in India.

     

Benign Pneumatosis Intestinalis with Subcutaneous Emphysema in a Liver Transplant Recipient

Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) occurred in a pediatric liver transplant recipient experiencing chronic rejection. Signs and symptoms included abdominal distention, subcutaneous emphysema, fever, and malaise. Antibiotic treatment and nasogastric decompression resulted in prompt relief of symptoms, and surgery was not necessary. The etiology, pathophysiology, and therapy of this rare condition are discussed.     

The role of the spleen in regulating the plasma levels of factor VIII-- von Willebrand's factor after DDAVP

Organ transplantation and perfusion studied indicate that the spleen plays an important role in the regulation of plasma levels of factor VIII-von Willebrand's factor (FVIII-vWF). To better understand the mechanisms that regulate the FVIII-vWF increases after infusion of 1- deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP), we have measured factor VIII coagulant activity (FVIII:C) and antigen (FVIII:CAg) and von Willebrand's factor antigen (vWF:Ag) and ristocetin cofactor (vWF:RCof) in 9 asplenic subjects with normal baseline concentrations, in 7 asplenic subjects with high concentrations, and in 14 normal controls with intact spleens. In "normal" aasplenics, all the FVIII-vWF-related measurements increased significantly over baseline values, indicating that responsiveness to DDAVP is not abolished by splenectomy. The maximal vWF:Ag and vWF:RCof responses were no different from those of normal controls, suggesting that DDAVP releases vWF from storage sites other than the spleen. The FVIII:C response was significantly lower than in normal controls, but FVIII:CAg did not differ, making FVIII:CAg higher than FVIII:CAg in "normal" asplenics. These findings suggest that the spleen, rather than being a storage site for FVIII, is the organ in which a partially inactive form of FVIII acquires full coagulant activity. In "high" asplenics, all the FVIII-vWF-related measurements increased less than in "normal" splenics, indicating that long-term elevations of plasma concentrations of FVIII-vWF are accompanied by decreased release from those storage pool(s) mobilized by DDAVP.     

Endovascular treatment of scalp arteriovenous fistulas associated with a large varix

Ten patients with scalp arteriovenous fistulas associated with a large varix (cirsoid aneurysms) were treated with a combination of interventional neuroradiologic procedures. These procedures included transarterial embolization, transarterial embolization followed by surgical excision, and two new methods of treatment of cirsoid aneurysms: transvenous embolization and direct puncture of the fistula for embolization. The embolic materials included liquid adhesive agents, particulate agents, detachable balloons, and wire coils. The embolization was performed to lodge the embolic agents in the fistula or proximal draining vein, not just the feeding vessels. Surgery was performed in two cases to remove a small residual nidus of fistula that could not be completely treated with intravascular embolization. With the use of these forms of treatment, cures were obtained in seven patients, and clinical and angiographic improvement was achieved in three patients. No major morbidity, blood loss, or mortality occurred during the treatment of these patients. The follow-up period ranged from 1 month to 8 years.     

Congenital cardiac anomalies with vein of Galen malformations in infants

Published reports and personal experience are reviewed relating to patients under 1 year of age diagnosed with a vein of Galen malformation and congenital heart disease. Including five patients from this institution, a total of 23 patients (12 neonates) with congenital heart disease and a vein of Galen malformation have been reported. Six of these had sinus venosus atrial septal defect and nine had aortic coarctation.