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排序方式: 共有747条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
81.
A PIL for every ill? Patient information leaflets (PILs): a review of past, present and future use 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Kenny T; Wilson RG; Purves IN; Clark J Sr; Newton LD; Newton DP; Moseley DV 《Family practice》1998,15(5):471-479
This article reviews the usefulness and importance of written information,
specifically leaflets, being given to patients. Evidence suggesting how
both patient and doctor may benefit from the giving of written information
is reviewed. Identification of good practice relating to the content and
readability of leaflets is discussed. An argument is put forward that the
giving of written information is an under-utilized resource in contributing
to improving patient outcomes but that this may be changing with the
increasing use of patient leaflet databases. The advantages and
disadvantages of computer- generated patient leaflets are discussed and
desirable further areas of research on computer-generated leaflets are
proposed.
相似文献
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Clinical experience with an endobronchial implant 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Bone markers, calcium metabolism, and calcium kinetics during extended-duration space flight on the mir space station. 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Scott M Smith Meryl E Wastney Kimberly O O'Brien Boris V Morukov Irina M Larina Steven A Abrams Janis E Davis-Street Victor Oganov Linda C Shackelford 《Journal of bone and mineral research》2005,20(2):208-218
Bone loss is a current limitation for long-term space exploration. Bone markers, calcitropic hormones, and calcium kinetics of crew members on space missions of 4-6 months were evaluated. Spaceflight-induced bone loss was associated with increased bone resorption and decreased calcium absorption. INTRODUCTION: Bone loss is a significant concern for the health of astronauts on long-duration missions. Defining the time course and mechanism of these changes will aid in developing means to counteract these losses during space flight and will have relevance for other clinical situations that impair weight-bearing activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We report here results from two studies conducted during the Shuttle-Mir Science Program. Study 1 was an evaluation of bone and calcium biochemical markers of 13 subjects before and after long-duration (4-6 months) space missions. In study 2, stable calcium isotopes were used to evaluate calcium metabolism in six subjects before, during, and after flight. Relationships between measures of bone turnover, biochemical markers, and calcium kinetics were examined. RESULTS: Pre- and postflight study results confirmed that, after landing, bone resorption was increased, as indicated by increases in urinary calcium (p < 0.05) and collagen cross-links (N-telopeptide, pyridinoline, and deoxypyridinoline were all increased >55% above preflight levels, p < 0.001). Parathyroid hormone and vitamin D metabolites were unchanged at landing. Biochemical markers of bone formation were unchanged at landing, but 2-3 weeks later, both bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin were significantly (p < 0.01) increased above preflight levels. In studies conducted during flight, bone resorption markers were also significantly higher than before flight. The calcium kinetic data also validated that bone resorption was increased during flight compared with preflight values (668 +/- 130 versus 427 +/- 153 mg/day; p < 0.001) and clearly documented that true intestinal calcium absorption was significantly lower during flight compared with preflight values (233 +/- 87 versus 460 +/- 47 mg/day; p < 0.01). Weightlessness had a detrimental effect on the balance in bone turnover such that the daily difference in calcium retention during flight compared with preflight values approached 300 mg/day (-234 +/- 102 versus 63 +/- 75 mg/day; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These bone marker and calcium kinetic studies indicated that the bone loss that occurs during space flight is a consequence of increased bone resorption and decreased intestinal calcium absorption. 相似文献
87.
Airways and lung: correlation of CT with fiberoptic bronchoscopy 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
88.
Congenitally abnormal visual pathways in mink (Mustela vision) with reduced retinal pigment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
K J Sanderson R W Guillery R M Shackelford 《The Journal of comparative neurology》1974,154(3):225-248
The retinogeniculate pathways of several different genotypes of mink have been studied by the Nauta and Fink-Heimer methods. An abnormal retinogeniculate pathway has been found in all mink in which the retinal pigment is reduced. Most of the abnormally routed nerve fibers arise in the temporal retina and cross in the chiasm, instead of staying ipsilateral as is normal. Some abnormal fibers in some of the mink also appear to arise in the nasal retina close to the line of decussation, and these pass ipsilaterally instead of following their normal crossed pathway. A lack of pigment in the coat is not by itself associated with a pathway abnormality. In general, the size of the abnormal fiber component is related to the severity of the retinal pigment deficit. The abnormality is not related specifically to one gene or gene combination. We have found eight different gene combinations which produce a reduction of retinal pigment associated with a pathway abnormality. 相似文献
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