Assessment of genotoxic and mutagenic effects of chlorpyrifos in freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) using micronucleus assay and alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is the single largest selling agrochemical that has been widely detected in surface waters in India. The studies on long-term genotoxic effects of CPF in different tissues of fish using genotoxic biomarkers are limited. Therefore, in the present study DNA damage by CPF in freshwater fish Channapunctatus using micronucleus (MN) and comet assays was investigated. The LC₅₀ – 96 h of CPF was estimated for the fish in a semi-static system. On this basis of LC₅₀ value sublethal and nonlethal concentrations were determined. The DNA damage was measured in lymphocytes and gill cells as the percentage of DNA in comet tails and micronuclei were scored in erythrocytes of fishes exposed to above concentrations of CPF. In general, significant effects for both the concentrations and time of exposure were observed in treated fish. It was found that MN induction in the blood was highest on day 14 at 203.0 μg/l of CPF. The highest DNA damage was observed on day 5, followed by a gradual non-linear decline in the lymphocytes and gill cells. The study indicated MN and comet assays to be sensitive and rapid methods to detect mutagenicity and genotoxicity of CPF and other pollutants in fishes.     

Assessment of ATPase 8 and ATPase 6 mtDNA Sequences in Genetic Diversity Studies of Channa marulius (Channidae: Perciformes)

Channa marulius is a commercially important fish of South East Asia. The present study evaluates the potential of complete ATPase 6/8 region of mitochondrial DNA as a marker region to determine the phylogeography of C. marulius from Indian rivers. Analysis of 842?bp of ATPase 6/8 region from 3 unlinked river basins; Mahanadi, Teesta and Yamuna generated 7 haplotypes with 8 variable sites and a haplotype diversity of 0.876. Out of the total variation, 22.05?% was due to variation within the population and 77.95?% due to variation among populations. Population structuring was revealed by high and significant Fst value of 0.77. The results revealed that 842?bp of ATPase 6/8 region could be a promising marker for determining variations at interpopulation as well as intrapopulation levels in wild C. marulius. These results would facilitate conservation and management of this important species.     

The Learning Curve by Operative Time for Soft Tissue Balancing in Total Knee Arthroplasty Using Electronic Sensor Technology

Background

Electronic sensor devices can provide an objective assessment of soft tissue balancing in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) which may potentially decrease postoperative pain. We aim to quantify the learning curve for operative time (OT) for this technology.

Hemiarthroplasty Conversion: A Comparison to Primary and Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty

BackgroundArthroplasty is the standard of care for elderly patients with displaced femoral neck fractures, with viable options including hemiarthroplasty (HA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA). With time, HA may need to be converted to THA, but it is unclear whether this is more similar to primary or revision THA. We compare complication and revision rates between these groups within 90 days and 2 years postoperatively.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 3 cohorts of patients treated at our institution: primary, conversion, and revision THA. Outcomes studied included intraoperative data, postoperative complications, and revision rates. We analyzed the groups using both parametric (analysis of variance test) and nonparametric (chi-squared test) statistics.ResultsOperative time between primary THA (108.0 minutes), conversion HA (147.9 minutes), and revision THA (160.1 minutes) cohorts differed significantly (P = .011). Estimated blood loss was also different between primary THA (386 mL), conversion HA (587 mL), and revision THA cohorts (529 mL) (P = .011). At 2 years, major complication rates between primary THA (6.2%), conversion HA (11.7%), and revision THA (26.7%) cohorts also differed significantly (P = .003), as was the revision rate in the primary THA (4.6%), conversion HA (10.0%), and revision THA (18.3%) cohorts (P = .043).ConclusionThis is the first study to compare short-term and midterm complications between primary, conversion, and revision THA. We observed conversion HA had similar operative time and estimated blood loss to revision THA, which was significantly higher than primary THA. However, we found that conversion HA more closely resembled primary THA with respect to perioperative complications rates.     

Doctor,Is This My Last Surgery?

A young agriculture scientist had a biliary colic and was taken for an elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Calot’s triangle was found to be frozen so it was converted to open operation when the common bile duct was found to be transected. Immediate end to end repair was done. She started developing progressively increasing jaundice associated with pruritus. ERCP showed a complete cutoff. MRCP showed biliary stricture Bismuth type II. She was referred to us and was operated. Bismuth type II BBS was found and Roux-en-Y side to side hepatico-jejunostomy was done. On POD 5, she had UGI bleed and her hemoglobin fell to 6.0 g/dl. Emergency UGIE revealed a large clot in D2. Emergency relaparotomy was done. Anterior layer of JJ was opened and intra-operative enteroscopy was done through it. Small bowel, including the Roux loop and distal loops, was full of altered blood. There was no bleeding from the HJ site. No active bleeding site was discernible anywhere. Posterior layer of JJ was reinforced and anterior layer was redone. She remained stable and her hemoglobin improved. She was discharged with normal LFT. “Doctor, is this my last surgery?” she asked, when she came to my office to hand over a very girlie colorful note book in which she had written down her story in her pearly handwriting, as beautiful as she herself. I talked to her about her PhD thesis, her exams, and her future career but purposely evaded answering her question as I could not muster the courage to tell a lie and say a definite “yes.” We, at SGPGIMS, have heard more than 700 stories similar to hers—some more and some less painful than hers—in the last 25 years. Most of these could have been avoided or could have been less devastating if the operating surgeons had paid a little more attention while performing the cholecystectomy to make it safe.     

Moving Toward a Global Age-Friendly Ecosystem

The designation of “age friendly” has clearly engaged the attention of scholars and leading experts in the field of aging. A search of PubMed references citing the term produced 15 results in the 5-year period from 2006 to 2011; that number increased to 572 in the period from 2015 to 2019. The work, notably led by the World Health Organization with the initiation of age-friendly cities and age-friendly communities, has now sparked a movement for the creation of age-friendly health systems and age-friendly public health systems. Now more than ever, in an era of pandemics, it seems wise to create an ecosystem where each of the age-friendly initiatives can create synergies and additional momentum as the population continues to age. Work of a global nature is especially important given the array of international programs and scientific groups focused on improving the lives of older adults along with their care and support system and our interconnectedness as a world community. In this article, we review the historical evolution of age-friendly programs and describe a vision for an age-friendly ecosystem that can encompass the lived environment, social determinants of health, the healthcare system, and our prevention-focused public health system.     

Mutagenic and genotoxic effects of carbosulfan in freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) using micronucleus assay and alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis

Carbosulfan insecticide is widely used in agriculture and was recently proposed for treatment against pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes. The mutagenic and genotoxic effect of carbosulfan was carried out in fish Channa punctatus using micronucleus (MN) test and comet assay. The 96 h LC₅₀, estimated by probit analysis in a semi-static bioassay experiment, was 0.268 mg l⁻¹. Based on the LC₅₀ value, three sub-lethal concentrations of carbosulfan (1/4th LC₅₀ = ∼67 μg l⁻¹, 1/2nd LC₅₀ = ∼134 μg l⁻¹ and 3/4th LC₅₀ = ∼201 μg l⁻¹) were selected and fishes were exposed to the said concentrations for 96 h and the samplings were done at regular intervals of 24 h for assessment of the MN frequencies and DNA damage. In general, significant effects (P < 0.01) from both concentrations and time of exposure were observed in exposed fishes. The MN induction was highest on 96 h at all the concentrations in the peripheral blood. Similar trend was observed for the DNA damage measured in terms of the percentage of tail DNA in the erythrocyte and gill cells. This study confirmed that the comet and micronucleus assays are useful tools in determining potential genotoxicity of water pollutants and might be appropriate as a part of monitoring program.     

Same-Day Physical Therapy Following Total Knee Arthroplasty Leads to Improved Inpatient Physical Therapy Performance and Decreased Inpatient Opioid Consumption

BackgroundEarly ambulation with physical therapy (PT) following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has demonstrated benefits in the literature. However, the impact of early PT on rehabilitation performance and opioid consumption has not been elucidated. We evaluate the effect of same-day PT on inhospital functional outcomes and opioid consumption.MethodsWe retrospectively identified 2 cohorts of primary TKA patients from July 2016 to December 2017: PT0 (n = 295) received PT on the day of surgery, and PT1 (n = 392) received PT on postoperative day (POD) 1. Outcomes studied included number of feet walked on POD0-3, visual analog scale pain scores, morphine equivalents (ME) consumed, length of stay, and discharge disposition. Analysis was conducted using the Student t-test and Fisher exact test.ResultsIn comparison to the PT1 group, the PT0 group walked significantly more steps on POD1 (347.6 vs 167.4 ft, P < .0001), POD2 (342.1 vs 203.5 ft, P < .0001), and POD3 (190.3 vs 128.9 ft, P = .00028). There was no difference between the 2 groups for visual analog scale. The PT0 group also consumed significantly fewer total ME when compared to the PT1 group (149.0 vs 200.3 mg, P = .0002). The PT0 group had a significantly shorter length of stay when compared to the PT1 group (2.7 vs 3.2 days, P = .00075). More patients were discharged home in the PT0 group (81.7% vs 54.8%, P < .0001).ConclusionWe observed that initiation of PT on POD0 led to better PT performance, reduced ME during hospitalization, and more patients discharged home.Level of EvidenceIII, Retrospective cohort study.