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951.
SUZANNE DOMEL BAXTER PhD RD FADA WILLIAM O. THOMPSON PhD HARRY C. DAVIS MS MARIBETH H. JOHNSON MS 《Journal of the American Dietetic Association》1997,97(1):31-36
Objective To develop and validate a consensus set of retrieval categories for how children remember what they have eaten, and to relate retrieval categories to accuracy of reporting items eaten during school lunch.Design A Delphi technique study was conducted using 10 psychologists. The subject matter consisted of responses transcribed from interviews conducted with 89 randomly selected fourth graders within 90 minutes of eating. Retrieval categories were evaluated for accuracy by comparing students’ self-reported lunch intake with observation.Statistical analyses For round 1, a centroid hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify common sets of rating pairs to propose categories for reaching consensus. For rounds 2 and 3, percent of agreement was calculated. Accuracy was tabulated across meal items and student use by retrieval category.Results After round 3, we found that 23 “near-consensus”categories were used by at least eight raters. Six categories were used 60% of the time, 4 were used 20% of the time, and 5 were used 15% of the time. Less frequently used categories were combined with similar, more frequently used categories for a total of 16 categories. Students used a large variety of retrieval categories when accurately reporting consumption. Of the 16 categories, 12 were used similarly by both accurate and inaccurate students. Where there were differences in accuracy by retrieval category, the more accurate students used “taste/smell/texture”and “visual”in deference to “order items consumed”and “oral cue still present.”Applications These categories provide insight into the broad range of retrieval categories that children use and provide direction for researchers to design and study specific cues to enhance the accuracy of children's self-reports of diet. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97:31–36. 相似文献
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953.
Complementary antitumor treatments are required to increase the cure rate achieved by surgery and/or radiotherapy by avoiding future recurrences and metastases. The growth of most solid tumors, particularly carcinomas, depends upon the simultaneous development of internal tumor vasculature to allow the proliferation of tumor cells. Inhibition of tumor vascularization is an indirect means of limiting tumor expansion. Daily administration of cortisone and maltose tetrapalmitate (MTP) abolished growth of implanted syngeneic C3HBA mammary tumor. Gross and macroscopic examination of these tumors revealed that tumor growth was prevented. Histological examination demonstrated lack of vascularization within the neoplastic tissue. We believe that this combination in an appropriate form could provide a prophylactic treatment regimen after conventional antitumor treatments in humans. 相似文献
954.
H Gilljam O Andersson A Ellin B Robertson B Strandvik 《Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry》1988,176(1):29-37
Bronchial secretions from seven patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) were aspirated by fibreoptic bronchoscopy and analysed for lipid composition. The total lipid fraction was also used to measure dynamic surface tension. Pooled samples from 'normal' patients, healthy volunteers, patients with chronic bronchitis, and individual samples from two patients with bronchiectasis were used as controls. Increased bronchial inflammation and infection correlated with a decrease of the phospholipid fraction, and an increase of the cholesterol, diglyceride and triglyceride fractions. When individual phospholipids were analysed, patients with clinically severe CF showed a markedly decreased phosphatidylcholine fraction, whereas the phosphatidylinositol fraction was significantly higher in CF patients than in controls (p less than 0.05). Minimum surface tension was higher in CF patients compared to patients with chronic bronchitis (p less than 0.05). This might be related to earlier reported specific changes in the pattern of fatty acids of the CF bronchial phospholipids. 相似文献
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956.
957.
R Zachariah AD Harries MP Spielmann V Arendt D Nchingula R Mwenda O Courtielle P Kirpach B Mwale FML Salaniponi 《Malawi medical journal : the journal of Medical Association of Malawi》2002,14(2):10-12
In Thyolo district, Malawi, an operational research study is being conducted on the efficacy and feasibility of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis in preventing deaths in HIV-positive patients with tuberculosis (TB). A series of cross-sectional studies were carried out to determine i) whether faecal Escherichia coli (E.coli) resistance to co-trimoxazole in TB patients changed with time and ii) whether the resistance pattern was different in HIV positive TB patients who were taking co-trimoxazole prophylaxis. Co-trimoxazole resistance among E.coli isolates in TB patients at the time of registration was 60% in 1999 and 77% in 2001 (p<0.01). Resistance was 89% among HIV-infected TB patients (receiving co-trimoxazole), while in HIV negative patients (receiving anti-TB therapy alone) it was 62% (p<0.001). The study shows a significant increase of E.coli resistance to co-trimoxazole in TB patients which is particularly prominent in HIV infected patients on co-trimoxazole prophylaxis. Since a high degree of plasmid-mediated transfer of resistance exists between E.coli and the Salmonella species, these findings could herald limitations on the short and long term benefits to be anticipated from the use of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis in preventing non-typhoidal salmonella bacteraemia and enteritis in HIV infected TB patients in Malawi. 相似文献
958.
BACKGROUND: Carbon monoxide (CO) has emerged as an endogenously produced gaseous mediator known to be involved in bronchial smooth muscle regulation. Increased amounts of CO have been found in exhaled air during asthma and lower airway inflammation. Recently CO has been shown to be produced in the nasal airways, but there are no reports of altered CO levels in nasal airways during inflammation. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate if CO levels increase in the human nasal airways during inflammatory conditions, such as allergy and upper airway respiratory tract infection (URTI). METHODS: CO was sampled separately from the upper and lower airways of 13 healthy control subjects, six patients with a history of allergic rhinitis and six patients with URTI. RESULTS: Nasal CO levels were increased in subjects with allergic rhinitis, compared to healthy controls (2.07 +/- 0.15 ppm, n = 6 and 1.62 +/- 0.08 ppm, n = 13, respectively, P < 0.01). CO levels were also increased in patients with URTI, compared to the same controls (1.92 +/- 0.09 ppm, n = 6, P < 0.05). Normal levels of CO were found in air from the lower airways among subjects with allergic rhinitis, whereas corresponding levels in the URTI patients were increased. CONCLUSION: The present data demonstrates that upper airway CO levels increase in parallel with different inflammatory stimuli, such as allergy and infection, suggesting a role for CO as marker or mediator of nasal inflammation. 相似文献
959.
O. Köksalan M. Aydin S. Eraslan N. Bekiroglu 《European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases》2002,21(4):314-317
A total of 1208 positive BACTEC vials were examined for the presence or absence of serpentine cording. A very high (92.9%)
rate of laboratory prevalence was obtained for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of this test were 92.7%, 95.3%, 99.6% and
50.0%, respectively. It was concluded that testing cord formation in laboratories that have a high prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex is an exceptionally reliable method for preliminary reporting of cording-positive cases; however, for cording-negative
cases, preliminary reports based solely on cord formation are not reliable. It was also observed that the length of the incubation
period has a significant effect on cord formation. Incubation periods of 4 days or less are not sufficient to determine noncording
in smears prepared from positive BACTEC vials.
Electronic Publication 相似文献