Manganese Encephalopathy among Ephedron Abusers‐Case Reports

Ephedrone encephalopathy is referred to as a group of symptoms of manganese deposition within the central nervous system (CNS), resulting from the abuse of ephedrone (methcathinone), obtained in reaction using the excess amount of manganese‐containing oxidants. The diagnosis is based on the contrast‐enhanced head MRI findings characteristic for this syndrome, clinical manifestation and history of ephedrone use. The syndrome has been reported in recent years in young people from Eastern Europe and Russia with a history of ephedrone overuse. However, no report has ever been published on ephedrone encephalopathy in Polish patients.     

Vertebral Body Infarct and Ventral Cauda Equina Enhancement: Two Confirmatory Findings of Acute Spinal Cord Infarct

Two valuable confirmatory MRI findings of acute spinal cord infarct are highlighted and discussed: concomitant vertebral body infarct and ventral cauda equina nerve root enhancement.     

Iatrogenic Pseudoaneurysm of the Middle Meningeal Artery after External Ventricular Drain Placement

External ventricular drain (EVD) placement is often a routine but lifesaving neurosurgical procedure performed throughout the world. Misadventures involving the procedure are well documented throughout the literature. However, we present a unique case of middle meningeal artery pseudoaneurysm formation after EVD placement not before described and provide a review of the literature.