肝硬化脾切除术后门静脉血栓形成相关因素的Meta分析

目的 评价肝硬化脾切除术后门静脉血栓形成的相关因素,为脾切除术后血栓的预防提供参考.方法 计算机检索Web of Science、PubMed、EMBASE、Science Direct、CNKI、VIP、CSCD、万方等数据库,检索时间截止2014年4月.并辅以手工检索、文献追溯等方法.纳入有关肝硬化脾切除术后门静脉血栓形成相关因素的病例对照研究,并进行文献质量评价.由两位研究者独立提取数据并采用Stata 12软件进行Meta分析.结果 共纳入24项符合标准的病例对照研究,病例数为4 335例.其中脾切除术后发生血栓的患者1 028例,血栓发生率为25.0％.Meta分析结果显示,肝硬化脾切除术后门静脉血栓的形成与脾脏体积(WMD=13.75,95％ CI:6.47 ～ 21.00)、脾静脉直径(WMD=1.34,95％ CI:0.39～2.30)、手术前后门静脉直径(术前WMD＝ 1.54,95％ CI:0.56～2.52;术后WMD=2.09,95％CI:0.55 ～ 3.64)、手术前后门静脉血流速度(术前WMD=-5.78,95％ CI:-10.46～-1.10;术后WMD=-5.57,95％ CI:-5.92～-5.22)、手术前后门静脉压力差(WMD=1.90,95％CI:1.29～2.50)、腹水(OR=1.83,95％ CI:1.19～2.82)以及术后抗凝干预(OR=0.63,95％CI:0.50 ～0.79)等有关;而与患者的性别、年龄、肝功、血小板计数、术前总胆红素、手术前后门静脉压力、手术前后凝血酶原时间及D-二聚体、手术时间以及糖尿病无关.结论 肝硬化脾切除术后门静脉血栓形成的主要危险因素为脾脏体积、脾静脉直径、门静脉直径、门静脉血流速度、腹水等,与患者基本情况、凝血相关指标、手术时间等无直接相关性.     

Unintended consequences of policy change to watchful waiting for asymptomatic inguinal hernias

Introduction

In 2009 the Department of Health instructed McKinsey & Company to provide advice on how commissioners might achieve world class National Health Service productivity. Asymptomatic inguinal hernia repair was identified as a potentially cosmetic procedure, with limited clinical benefit. The Birmingham and Solihull primary care trust cluster introduced a policy of watchful waiting for asymptomatic inguinal hernia, which was implemented across the health economy in December 2010. This retrospective cohort study aimed to examine the effect of a change in clinical commissioning policy concerning elective surgical repair of asymptomatic inguinal hernias.

Methods

A total of 1,032 patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair in the 16 months after the policy change were compared with 978 patients in the 16 months before. The main outcome measure was relative proportion of emergency repair in groups before and after the policy change. Multivariate binary logistic regression was used to adjust the main outcome for age, sex and hernia type.

Results

The period after the policy change was associated with 59% higher odds of emergency repair (3.6% vs 5.5%, adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03–2.47). In turn, emergency repair was associated with higher odds of adverse events (4.7% vs 18.5%, adjusted OR: 3.68, 95% CI: 2.04–6.63) and mortality (0.1% vs 5.4%, p<0.001, Fisher’s exact test).

Conclusions

Introduction of a watchful waiting policy for asymptomatic inguinal hernias was associated with a significant increase in need for emergency repair, which was in turn associated with an increased risk of adverse events. Current policies may be placing patients at risk.     

Retrospective Evaluation of the Effect of Mycophenolate Mofetil Dosage on Survival of Kidney Grafts Based on Biopsy Results

IntroductionPlasma concentration monitoring is commonly used to adjust immunosuppressant dosage in transplant recipients, but adjustment is often based on clinical experience rather than rigorous quantitative indicators.MethodsWe examined the effect of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) dosage on graft survival by pathologic and immunologic analysis of 88 kidney recipients who were given a postoperative immunosuppressive regimen of tacrolimus (FK506), MMF, and corticosteroids. Patients were given a conventional dosage (≥1.5 g/d; n = 40) or a reduced dosage (n = 48) of MMF owing to postoperative adverse side effects.ResultsThe reduced-dose group included patients given low doses (≤1.0 g/d; n = 27), ultra-low doses (≤0.5 g/d; n = 15), and those who discontinued MMF (n = 6). The dose reduction group had increased acute rejection, chronic rejection, and graft dysfunction, poorer pathologic scores, and increased cell infiltration of graft tissue (CD4, CD8, CD68, and CD138 positivity) and expression of interleukin-2R and HLA-DR. Finally, hazard analysis indicated that patients given low doses and ultra-low doses of MMF had poorer long-term kidney grafts survival (hazard ratios of 1.52 and 1.78, respectively).ConclusionsThese results indicate the importance of using an appropriate dosage of MMF in kidney transplant recipients.     

内侧半月板退变性损伤的关节镜下分型

 目的 探讨内侧半月板退变性损伤的关节镜下分型及其临床意义。方法 2012年1至12月因内侧半月板退变性损伤接受关节镜手术者122例,不包括因重度滑膜炎需做滑膜切除者。男27例,女95例;年龄37~80岁,平均（61.8±8.9）岁。左膝63例,右膝59例。BMI平均（26.5±3.4） kg/m2,术前Lysholm评分（47.2±15.0）分。关节镜术中依据Outerbridge软骨损伤分级对软骨损伤进行评估,比较不同分型者（后角水平撕裂、后角根部损伤和复杂严重损伤）Ⅳ度软骨退变性损伤所累及的关节面数量及术前Lysholm评分。结果 后角水平撕裂33例,Ⅳ度软骨退变性损伤累及的关节面（1.24±1.48）个,术前Lysholm评分（52.5±14.4）分,其中疼痛评分（7.7±6.5）分;后角根部损伤16例,Ⅳ度软骨退变性损伤累及的关节面（1.13±1.26）个,术前Lysholm评分（37.5±8.4）分,其中疼痛评分（3.1±4.0）分;复杂严重损伤73例,Ⅳ度软骨退变性损伤累及的关节面平均（2.26±1.61）个,术前Lysholm评分平均（46.9±15.3）分,其中疼痛评分（6.8±5.4）分。后角根部损伤者术前Lysholm评分低于后角水平撕裂和复杂严重损伤者,差异有统计学意义;其中疼痛评分的差异也有统计学意义。后角根部损伤者Ⅳ度软骨退变性损伤累及的关节面数量与后角水平撕裂者的差异无统计学意义;均小于复杂严重损伤者,差异有统计学意义。结论 关节镜下内侧半月板退变性损伤可分为三种类型。后角根部损伤和后角水平撕裂的软骨退变性损伤相对较轻,是较早期的关节退变;其中后角根部损伤的临床症状和功能减退较为明显。复杂严重损伤的软骨退变性损伤相对较重,是较晚期的关节退变,但临床症状和功能减退却相对较轻。     

肝癌微环境中影响转移相关通路的基因富集分析

目的 探讨肝癌微环境对肝癌发生门静脉转移起重要作用的基因簇或通路,为肝癌的治疗和研究提供理论依据.方法 利用基因组富集（GSEA）的方法,对美国国家生物技术信息中心（NCBI）的综合性的基因表达与杂交排序数据库（GEO数据库）中的11例肝癌无门静脉癌栓（PVTT）和9例肝癌合并PVTT的癌旁相对正常组织基因表达谱芯片进行分析,分析其在肿瘤相关通路中的富集特征与核心富集基因.结果 找到15条相关的信号通路,这些通路与癌旁微环境中的免疫功能状态有关,对于肝癌发生PVTT转移可能起重要作用.结论 肝癌发生门静脉转移除了与肿瘤细胞本身的恶性增殖和侵袭有关以外,还与周围微环境中的免疫状态和炎症反应有重要联系.     

预前护理计划之“让我说说”对养老院老人死亡及维持治疗态度的影响

目的探究预前护理计划之＂让我说说＂对养老院老人死亡及维持治疗态度的干预效果。方法便利抽取武汉市16所养老院259名老人,根据楼层将其分成干预组和对照组。干预组实施预前护理计划之＂让我说说＂,对照组不实施干预,比较干预后两组老人对待死亡及生命维持治疗态度的差异。结果干预前,两组老人对待死亡及维持生命治疗态度差异无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）。干预后,在对待死亡问题上,干预组（34.0%）比对照组（8.6%）更多地表现出恐惧,同时干预组（18.0%）比对照组（24.1%）较少表现出求死心态（P〈0.05）。在对待维持生命治疗上,干预组（49.0%）比对照组（29.3%）更愿意接受维持生命治疗（P〈0.05）。结论预前护理计划之＂让我说说＂可以给老人提供情感和行为支持,促使老人表达内心对死亡的真实想法,接受维持生命治疗。     

社区护理人员灾害准备的研究进展

对国内外社区护理人员灾害准备模式、存在的问题、影响因素、培训现状及测量工具进行综述。提出应建立完善的社区护理人员灾害准备培训体系,建立适合我国国情的社区护理人员灾害应对准备模式并建立社区护理人员灾害准备测量工具的区域性常模,旨在为今后提高社区护理人员的灾害准备度提供参考依据。     

Comparison of clinical effects of bare stent and covered metal stent graft in the treatment of complete occlusion of central venography in hemodialysis patients

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of bare mental stent (BMS) and covered stent (CS) in the treatment of complete central venous occlusive disease (CVOD) in hemodialysis patients. Methods A total of 66 cases of CVOD who have been treated by endovascular methods successfully in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from Jan 2015 to Jan 2017 were enrolled in this study. According to the type of stent，the patients were divided into two groups, BMS group (n=46) and CS group (n=20). The demographic data, clinical signs and symptoms, and pre-procedure and post-procedure imaging data were followed up and recorded. The primary patency rates were calculated at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Results The related symptoms were improved within 2 day post-procedure. The primary patency rates of BMS group in 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months were 97.83%, 95.65%, 69.56%, 41.3%, and 34.78% respectively. The rates of CS group were 100%, 100%, 95%, 65%, and 60% respectively. They did not reached statistical significance for primary patency rates between two groups in 1, 3, and 6 months (P＞0.05 respectively). However, from 9 months after procedure, it began to show the significant difference between two groups (P＜0.05). The median patency time of the CS group was (10.30±5.32) months, while BMS group was (8.52±0.49) months. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P=0.046). Conclusions Stent implantation for complete occlusion of central venous in hemodialysis patients can get credible effect. The use of CS for CVOD provides superior patency as well as patency time in long period after procedure as compared with BMS.     

腰椎终板Modic改变与椎间盘退变对应关系及二者与下腰痛关系的分析

目的：研究腰椎终板Modic改变类型与椎间盘退变的关系及二者与下腰痛（low back pain,LBP）的关系。方法：选取2016年10—12月间行腰椎MRI检查且合并Modic改变的患者200例。Pfirrmann分级评估腰椎间盘退变。通过电话随访,采用VAS法评估LBP。统计Modic改变及邻近椎间盘退变在下腰段（L4/5及L5/S1水平）的分布情况及关系,及二者与LBP的关系。结果：Modic Ⅱ型与Ⅱ?Ⅰ型均与轻度椎间盘退变相关（P < 0.05）。Modic Ⅰ?Ⅱ型与轻度及严重椎间盘均相关（P < 0.05）,而Modic Ⅰ型与严重椎间盘退变相关（P < 0.05）。Modic Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型及Ⅰ?Ⅱ型与LBP相关（P < 0.05）。多因素分析后,严重椎间盘退变（4级）与LBP相关性消失（P > 0.05）。结论：退变程度较高的腰椎间盘易合并Modic Ⅰ型,Modic Ⅱ型更常见于退变程度较低的腰椎间盘;退变初始阶段,Modic Ⅱ型可能向Ⅰ型转换。虽然Modic改变与腰椎间盘退变均与LBP相关,Modic改变的影响可能更直接,而腰椎间盘退变通过Modic改变间接产生影响,因此较弱。     

人工心脏瓣膜置换术后关节置换的围手术期抗凝治疗策略

背景:目前,对于人工心脏瓣膜置换术后关节置换患者围手术期的抗凝治疗尚无统一认识。目的:探讨人工心脏瓣膜置换术后关节置换患者围手术期使用低分子肝素(LMWH)替代华法林抗凝治疗的安全性和有效性。方法:回顾性分析2007年4月至2011年6月行人工心脏瓣膜置换术后关节置换患者19例。术前3天采用LMWH替代治疗。术后出现出血倾向时停用LMWH并输入血浆,补充凝血因子,同时给予夹闭引流,患肢加压包扎等对症治疗。术后鼓励下肢肌肉等长收缩训练,拔出引流后离床活动,并辅以下肢静脉泵和下肢弹力袜治疗。术后7 d开始加用术前用量的华法林,术后10 d左右停用LMWH。记录术中出血量和术后引流量,计算平均国际标准化比值(INR),评价术后出血和血栓情况。结果:19例患者的术中出血量为230～520 ml,平均(347±81)ml;术后引流量为480～820 ml,平均(607±103)ml。19例患者术后INR平均值为2.16±0.43。术后无一例出现重度出血,11例出现轻度出血,给予相应治疗后好转。无一例出现血栓征象。结论:人工心脏瓣膜置换术后关节置换患者围手术期使用LMWH替代华法林抗凝治疗可有效预防血栓形成。出现出血症状后及时停药、输入血浆、补充凝血因子以及对症治疗,同时给予术侧肢体加压包扎、夹闭引流可及时有效控制出血。术后鼓励早期功能锻炼、应用下肢静脉泵和抗血栓袜可协助预防血栓行成,有助于患者快速康复。