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191.
Lear JT; Smith AG; Heagerty AH; Bowers B; Jones PW; Gilford J; Alldersea J; Strange RC; Fryer AA 《Carcinogenesis》1997,18(8):1499-1503
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the commonest cancer in Caucasians. Its
incidence is rising and many patients develop multiple primary tumours at
separate sites. Factors determining time between first primary tumour
presentation and the next new primary lesion are unclear. We used Cox's
proportional hazards model to study, in 856 Caucasians, the influence of
tumour site, individual characteristics and polymorphism in glutathione
S-transferase (GSTM1, GSTT1) and cytochrome P450 (CYP2D6, CYP1A1) loci on
time to next primary tumour presentation. More than one tumour at first
presentation (P <0.0001, hazard ratio 2.72) and GSTT1 null (P = 0.028,
hazard ratio 1.74) were associated with decreased time to next primary
tumour presentation. Significant two- factor interactions, corrected for
number of tumours at presentation, were identified between a truncal tumour
at first presentation and each of male gender, GSTM1 null and CYP2D6 EM (P
<0.003, hazard ratios 3.09- 3.82). In each of these cases, all patients
with the risk combination demonstrated further separate tumours within 5
years of first presentation. Thus, patients with a truncal tumour at first
presentation, especially males and those presenting with more than one
lesion have a significantly decreased time to presentation of further
tumours and should receive more meticulous follow-up. Polymorphism in GSTM1
and CYP2D6 also influences the rate of new primary tumour accrual giving
insights into the link between ultraviolet exposure and multiple tumour
development.
相似文献
192.
It has been reported that chloroform administered to BDF1 mice by
inhalation for 2 years at concentrations of 5, 30 or 90 p.p.m. for 6 h/day,
5 days/week induced an increase in renal cell tumors in male but not female
mice exposed to the doses of 30 and 90 p.p.m. A small increase in liver
tumors was statistically significant in the female mice at 90 p.p.m. if the
incidences of carcinomas and adenomas were combined. Because chloroform is
not a DNA reactive mutagen, a 13-week time-course and dose-response study
was conducted under conditions of the original bioassay to examine whether
regenerative cell proliferation was an underlying mechanism of
carcinogenesis. Mice were given bromodeoxyuridine via infusion during the
last 3.5 days prior to necropsy to label cells in S-phase. Chloroform
induced pathology and regenerative cell proliferation, measured as the
labeling index (LI, percentage of cells in S-phase), were assessed
microscopically and immunohistochemically. Male mice exposed to 30 and 90
p.p.m. exhibited a dose-dependent increase in regenerating tubules within
the renal cortex and up to a 31-fold increase in LI. No renal lesions or
increased LI were observed in females. Increased centrilobular to midzonal
hepatocyte degeneration and vacuolation and a 7-fold increase over controls
in the hepatocyte LI were observed in the female mice at 90 p.p.m. at 13
weeks. Males exhibited similar pathology, but the increase in LI was not
sustained. The observed correlations between cytolethality and regenerative
cell proliferation with tumor formation supports extensive evidence that
chloroform induces cancer via a non- genotoxic-cytotoxic mode of action. A
concentration of 5 p.p.m. is the no-observed-adverse-effect level for
nephrotoxicity, cell proliferation and cancer. An appropriate safety factor
applied to this value is a straightforward approach to cancer risk
assessment that is consistent with the mode of action of chloroform.
相似文献
193.
The purpose of this study was to review the results of ACL reconstruction using a patellar tendon graft placed ‘over the top’ plus a Macintosh lateral tenodesis, examining changes in knee laxity and functional status with increasing time. There were 74 patients operated on over an 11 year period, and divided into four groups for analysis according to postoperative time. There was a significant and progressive increase in side-to-side laxity difference with time, although functional status did not change significantly, indicating a lack of correlation between objective clinical tests and subjective findings. The highest Lysholm, Tegner and IKDC scores were at 4–5 years after operation, when 60% of patients were at their pre-injury level of sports activity. However, there was always a very significant difference between actual and desired Tegner activity levels for the group as a whole. While there was a significant correlation between degenerative changes and the time between injury and reconstruction, there was no correlation with postoperative time: this provides evidence that ACL reconstruction can protect the knee from later degeneration. 相似文献
194.
Background
In current supervisory practice, the learning environment in which the training of specialist registrars (SpRs) takes place is important. Examples of such learning environments are the hospital settings and/or geographical locations where training occurs. Our objective was to investigate whether the cultural climate of different learning environments influences physicians' perceived level of competence and preparedness for practice. 相似文献195.
196.
The presence of IgE receptor FcεRIβ polymorphism (181/183) was investigated in Kuwaiti asthmatic patients and controls using an allele refractory mutation screening (ARMS) test. The variant sequence (Leu181/Leu183) was detected in 72% (320/442) chromosomes analysed. Homozygous LL genotype was detected in 48% (46/96) asthmatic subjects compared to 31% (39/125) in non-asthmatics. In 11/52 families mothers of the asthmatic children were themselves asthmatic and 3/11 asthmatic mothers had homozygous LL genotype. 80% of the homozygous LL asthmatics showed a positive skin prick test (SPT) compared with 28% of non-asthmatics with the same genotype. In heterozygous NL asthmatics a positive SPT was found in 60% cases compared to 17% in non asthmatics with the same genotype. The incidence of hay fever (HF) and eczema (E) was also found to be higher in homozygous LL asthmatics compared with the non-asthmatics with the same genotype. This study reports a high prevalence of IgE receptor FcεRIβ variants in Kuwaiti Arabs compared with British, Australian and Austrian populations studied before. The association of Leu181/Leu183 variant with asthma in Kuwaitis underlines its significance as a risk factor in manifesting the clinical phenotype in this population. 相似文献
197.
Autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa and cone-rod dystrophy caused by splice site mutations in the Stargardt's disease gene ABCR 总被引:12,自引:2,他引:12
Cremers FP; van de Pol DJ; van Driel M; den Hollander AI; van Haren FJ; Knoers NV; Tijmes N; Bergen AA; Rohrschneider K; Blankenagel A; Pinckers AJ; Deutman AF; Hoyng CB 《Human molecular genetics》1998,7(3):355-362
Ophthalmological and molecular genetic studies were performed in a
consanguineous family with individuals showing either retinitis pigmentosa
(RP) or cone-rod dystrophy (CRD). Assuming pseudodominant (recessive)
inheritance of allelic defects, linkage analysis positioned the causal gene
at 1p21-p13 (lod score 4.22), a genomic segment known to harbor the ABCR
gene involved in Stargardt's disease (STGD) and age- related macular
degeneration (AMD). We completed the exon-intron structure of the ABCR gene
and detected a severe homozygous 5[prime] splice site mutation,
IVS30+1G->T, in the four RP patients. The five CRD patients in this
family are compound heterozygotes for the IVS30+1G- >T mutation and a
5[prime] splice site mutation in intron 40 (IVS40+5G- >A). Both splice
site mutations were found heterozygously in two unrelated STGD patients,
but not in 100 control individuals. In these patients the second mutation
was either a missense mutation or unknown. Since thus far no STGD patients
have been reported to carry two ABCR null alleles and taking into account
that the RP phenotype is more severe than the STGD phenotype, we
hypothesize that the intron 30 splice site mutation represents a true null
allele. Since the intron 30 mutation is found heterozygously in the CRD
patients, the IVS40+5G->A mutation probably renders the exon 40 5[prime]
splice site partially functional. These results show that mutations in the
ABCR gene not only result in STGD and AMD, but can also cause autosomal
recessive RP and CRD. Since the heterozygote frequency for ABCR mutations
is estimated at 0.02, mutations in ABCR might be an important cause of
autosomal recessive and sporadic forms of RP and CRD.
相似文献
198.
199.
Virus-induced cytokines regulate circulating lymphocyte levels during primary SIV infections 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rosenberg YJ; Cafaro A; Brennan T; Greenhouse JG; Villinger F; Ansari AA; Brown C; McKinnon K; Bellah S; Yalley-Ogunro J; Elkins WR; Gartner S; Lewis MG 《International immunology》1997,9(5):703-712
Decline in blood CD4+ lymphocytes during primary symptomatic infections
with HIV is usually attributed to viral killing, and has not been
considered in terms of altered lymphocyte migration and sequestration. We
therefore sought to examine whether CD4+ cell loss from blood of macaques
undergoing an acute primary SIV infection might be due to increased
synthesis of cytokines, known to profoundly affect lymphocyte trafficking,
rather than to direct lymphocyte destruction by virus. The findings
indicate that rapid lymphocyte depletion following acute infection is not
selective for CD4+ cells, correlates precisely with increased plasma
IFN-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels, and is reversible.
CD4/CD8 ratios in lymph nodes with high viral burdens remain relatively
unchanged despite lymphocyte loss from blood. Levels of cytokine mRNA
measured in lymphoid organs reflect neither cytokine plasma levels nor
their potential to induce sequestration. These results support a model of
cytokine-induced lymphocyte extravasation to account for the acute
HIV/SIV-induced CD4+ cell lymphopenia and raise questions regarding the
extent to which altered lymphocyte migration plays a role in the gradual
CD4+ cell depletion throughout infection.
相似文献
200.
Arthrography was performed in 24 patients with tumors in the region of the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, and ankle. Conventional arthrograms were supplemented by arthrotomograms and/or computed arthrotomograms as necessary. The presence or absence of joint involvement by tumor was correctly identified in 22 of 24 patients (91.7%). It is concluded that arthrography is a reliable method for detecting joint involvement by tumor, and should be performed if plain radiography, conventional tomography, and computed tomography are not definitive in demonstrating joint involvement. 相似文献