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Background &; Aims
Wilson disease (WD) is an inherited disorder of copper disposition caused by an ATP7B transporter gene mutation, leading to copper accumulation in predisposed tissues. In addition to a genetic predisposition, other factors are likely to contribute to its clinical manifestation. The aim of the study was to assess whether oxidative stress affects the phenotypic manifestation of WD.Methods
In 56 patients with WD (29 men; 26 with the hepatic form, 22 with the neurologic form, and eight asymptomatic; mean age 38.5?±?12 years), total serum antioxidant capacity (TAC) and inflammatory parameters (hs-CRP, IL-1??, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-??) were analyzed and related to the clinical manifestation, and mutations of the ATP7B gene. The control group for the TAC and inflammatory parameters consisted of 50 age- and gender-matched healthy individuals.Results
WD patients had a significantly lower TAC (p?0.00001), lower IL-10 levels (p?=?0.039), as well as both higher IL-1?? (p?=?0.019) and IL-6 (p?=?0.005) levels compared to the control subjects. TNF-??, hs-CRP, and IL-2 did not differ from the controls. Patients with the neurological form of WD had a significantly lower TAC than those with the hepatic form (p?0.001). In addition, the lower TAC was associated with the severity of the neurological symptoms (p?=?0.02). No relationship between the inflammatory parameters and clinical symptoms was found.Conclusions
Data from our study suggest that the increased oxidative stress contributes significantly to the clinical manifestation of WD; as a lower TAC is associated with the neurological symptoms in WD patients. 相似文献Several publications explored a relationship between pet ownership and lower levels of loneliness and social isolation. However, to the best of our knowledge, no systematic review has yet synthesized the evidence on these associations. Thus, this systematic review aims to evaluate the findings regarding the relations between pet ownership, loneliness, and social isolation.
MethodsPubMed, CINAHL, and PsycInfo were searched in January 2022. Observational studies relying on appropriate instruments to assess the exposure and the outcome variables were included. Two reviewers independently executed study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment.
Resultsn = 24 studies were included. Among adult samples, the studies examining the relationship between pet ownership and social isolation found that owning a pet was associated with lower levels of social isolation. Concerning loneliness, studies that were conducted after the outbreak of COVID-19 mostly showed that pet ownership can contribute to lower levels of loneliness, but did not reveal an overall significant association until then. In turn, the studies that examined child and adolescent samples suggest that pet ownership was related to reduced loneliness before COVID-19. Furthermore, most of the studies did not reveal any differences between dogs, cats, and other kinds of pets regarding their relationship to loneliness and social isolation.
ConclusionAll in all, only a part of the studies detected a significant association between pet ownership, loneliness and social isolation. However, the COVID-19 pandemic seemed to strengthen this relationship, so that future research is required to assess the longevity of this potential effect.
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