Occupation and bladder cancer in Spain: a multi-centre case-control study

A case-control study on bladder cancer was carried out in four regions of Spain. The study included 497 cases (438 males and 59 females), 583 hospital controls and 530 population controls matched by sex, age and residence. The present paper reports the results of the analyses on occupational history. Among men, an increased risk of bladder cancer was found for textile workers (OR = 1.97, 95% CL 1.2-3.3), mechanics and maintenance workers (OR = 1.86, 95% CL 1.2-2.8), workers in the printing industry (OR = 2.06, 95% CL 1.0-4.3) and for managers (OR = 2.03, 95% CL 1.2-3.5). The risk was highest among those first employed in the textile industry before the age of 25 and prior to 1960. Among mechanics the risk was highest for those who started after the age of 25 and later than 1960. The OR for smokers who had also been employed in one of the high risk occupations was 7.82 (95% CL 4.4-14.0) which is compatible with a multiplicative effect of joint exposure to tobacco and occupational hazards.     

Epidemiology of acute diarrhea in children living in Sicily

A longitudinal survey (February 1984 - January 1985) on the incidence of acute diarrhea episodes in a sample of 8,164 children (aged 0–12 years) living in southeastern Sicily was carried out by means of weekly telephone interviews with doctors practising in the territory. The incidence rate was 0.479 (0.472–0.485 95% C.I.) per child per year and the frequency of episodes was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in children aged 0–4 years (0.86). Diarrhea was more frequent in industrial areas than in rural ones, and almost half (45.1%) of the total episodes had a mild course. No death from diarrhea occurred and admission to hospital was reported for 8.4% of all cases.Corresponding author.     

SPECT gallium scanning for lymphoma and infection

Thirty gallium scans, using currently acceptable dosage levels (5-6 mCi) and a conventional rotating gamma camera, were performed on 20 patients with lymphoma or infection. Compared to planar scans, SPECT increased sensitivity and lesion detection from 48% to 89% in lymphoma, and from 50% to 80% in infection. The predictive value of a negative site was 81% in lymphoma and 67% in infection. Gallium utility is markedly increased by SPECT imaging. A normal gallium SPECT scan is highly accurate in ruling out disease.     

Health maintenance issues of the elderly. Nutrition

Although we are on steep learning curve as far as the exact relationship between nutrition and disease prevention is concerned, evidence is accumulating on the role of body mass index and mortality, protein deficiency and decreased ability to fight infection, effect of fiber intake on cholesterol and glucose metabolism, hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis, and inadequate calcium intake in osteoporosis. Screening for nutritional disorders includes identifying those with risk factors of being female, black, poor, or institutionalized. Evidence of weight change, dietary idiosyncracies, nutrient deficiency, and laboratory tests can be helpful. Treatment should be tailored to the individual and be specific for suspected deficiencies. Attention to calories, protein, and calcium are paramount.     

Effect of ischaemia on somatosensory evoked potentials in diabetic patients.

The nerve action potential at the elbow and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) at the scalp were recorded over 30 minutes of tourniquet-induced limb ischaemia in 10 diabetic patients and 10 controls. According to the SEP changes, an increased resistance to nerve ischaemia in diabetic patients was observed. The pathways involved in SEP conduction are discussed.     

Late results in patients with Schatzki ring treated by endoscopic electrosurgical incision of the ring

In 17 ambulatory patients with severe intermittent dysphagia an endoscopic electrosurgical radial incision of a Schatzki ring was made with a modified straight retractable sphincterotome. The incision was successfully accomplished with immediate relief of dysphagia in all patients. Fourteen patients remain asymptomatic with a mean follow-up of 46 months after the first treatment. Three patients required a second incision and they have been asymptomatic for more than 24 months. There was one mild bleeding episode. Endoscopic electrosurgical incision of the Schatzki ring is an effective therapeutic modality in selected patients.     

Smoking patterns in the coloured population of the Cape Peninsula (CRISIC study)

A cross-sectional study of tobacco-smoking habits in a random sample of 976 coloured subjects aged 15-64 years revealed that smoking was common, 57% of men and 41% of women being current smokers and 10.4% of men and 9.6% of women having stopped smoking. Heavy smoking prevailed, indicating by mean daily consumption of 14.2 and 13.1 cigarettes among male and female smokers respectively; only 33.5% of male and 39.6% of female smokers used less than 10 cigarettes per day. Coloured smokers smoked more heavily during the weekend. Both men and women smoked mostly filter cigarettes. Forty-four per cent of male and 49.5% of female smokers stated that they had attempted to stop smoking, mainly for health reasons. More than one-third of the participants had a positive attitude to combating smoking, particularly those with an educational level higher than Standard 7. Former smokers and heavy smokers had a significantly higher prevalence of ischaemic heart disease than the other participants. Smoking was associated with a low body mass index, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, low socio-economic standing, high alcohol consumption and type A coronary-prone behaviour in men. In 1982 the economically active coloured population of the Cape Peninsula spent an estimated R36.2 million on cigarettes.