Evaluation of salivary total oxidant-antioxidant status and DNA damage of children undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy

Objective:To determine the total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), and the 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels and their interrelationship in the saliva of children undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy.Materials and Methods:Thirty children were randomly divided into three groups. The attachments were bonded to all of the teeth using three different orthodontic composites: Transbond XT, Kurasper F, and GrenGloo. The salivary levels of TOS, TAS, and 8-OHdG were determined three times, as follows: before treatment (T₁) and at 1 month (T₂) and 3 months (T₃) following appliance placement. All data were statistically analyzed.Results:There were no significant differences in TOS, TAS, and 8-OHdG within the same time periods among the three different orthodontic composites (P > .05). TAS in all composite groups decreased over time. These decreases were found to be significant for Kurasper F and GrenGloo at the T₁–T₃ and T₂–T₃ time periods (P < .05). In all composite groups 8-OHdG decreased between T₁ and T₂ (P < .05). However, 8-OHdG in all composite groups increased from T₂ to T₃. These differences in 8-OHdG were significant in Kurasper F and GrenGloo (P < .05).Conclusions:Fixed orthodontic appliances bonded with the tested composites did not increase the cytotoxicity markers in saliva.     

Fatty liver-induced changes in stereotypic behavior in rats and effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 analog on stereotypy

Although understanding the relation between psychotic behavior and immune abnormalities has been the focus of research for many years, it remains to be elucidated whether the changes in cytokine levels are part of etiology or a result of the stress associated with the disorder. In accordance with previous studies on changes in cytokine levels due to metabolic changes and psychosis, we hypothesized that fatty liver may potentiate apomorphine-induced stereotypy in a rodent model and that a synthetic glucagon-like peptide-1 analog exenatide would ameliorate this effect. In this study, 18 male Sprague Dawley albino mature rats were used. We induced hepatosteatosis in these rats by feeding them with 30% fructose dissolved in drinking water for 8 weeks. The animals were divided into three groups, namely, the normal group, the intracerebroventricular (ICV) exenatide group, and the ICV NaCl group. Apomorphine-induced stereotypic behavior test was performed in all groups and the liver was removed for histopathological examination after all the rats were euthanized. In the nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) group, stereotypy scores were significantly increased compared with the control group rats (p < 0.00001). A significant decrease in stereotypy scores were observed in the ICV exenatide group with NAFL when compared with the ICV saline group with NAFL (p < 0.005). In addition, brain malondialdehyde and tumor necrosis factor-α levels decreased in the ICV exenatide group. The results of this study showed that fatty liver enhances the effect of apomorphine on stereotypy, which was reversed by exenatide possibly by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.     

Effects of different irrigation solutions on root dentine microhardness,smear layer removal and erosion

This study aimed to compare the effects of different irrigants on root dentine microhardness, erosion and smear layer removal. A total of 72 root dentine slices were divided into six groups, according to the final irrigants used: Group 1: 17% ethylenediamine tetra‐acetic acid (EDTA) + 2.5% NaOCl, Group 2: 7% maleic acid (MA) + 2.5% sodium hypochloride (NaOCl), Group 3: 1.3% NaOCl + mixture of tetracycline, acid and detergent (MTAD), Group 4: Smear Clear + 2.5% NaOCl, Group 5: 5% NaOCl, Group 6: saline. Vickers microhardness values were measured before and after treatment. In total, 42 root‐halves were prepared for scanning electron microscope to evaluate the amount of smear and erosion in the coronal, middle and apical thirds. Data were analysed using two‐way anova , Duncan and two‐proportion z‐tests. Maleic acid showed the greatest reduction in dentine microhardness (P < 0.05), followed by EDTA and MTAD. EDTA, maleic acid, MTAD and Smear Clear removed smear layer efficiently in the coronal and middle thirds of root canal. However, in the apical region, maleic acid showed more efficient removal of the smear layer than the other irrigants (P < 0.05).     

The impact of birth weight and maternal history on acne, hirsutism, and menstrual disorder symptoms in Turkish adolescent girls

The aim of the study was to determine the association between birthweight, maternal medical history and acne, hirsutism, and menstrual disorder symptoms in Turkish adolescent population. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to all volunteer female students at 15 secondary schools. The subjects' body mass index, birthweight, age at menarche, pattern of menstrual cycle, and presence of acne or hirsutism problems were recorded. Maternal obstetric parameters, menstrual cycle, presence of acne or hirsutism at present and at adolescent period were also asked. The impact of birthweight and maternal history on acne, hirsutism, and menstrual disorder symptoms was evaluated. The results of the study showed that after exclusion of subjects born prematurely, total of 1,309 students filled the questionnaires properly and included in the study. Of these students, 174 had low birthweight (LBW) (<2,500?g), 925 had appropriate (2,500-4,000?g), and 210 had high birthweight (>4,000?g). LBW students had higher incidence of menstrual disorder and acne problems (P?=?0.032 and P?=?0.011, respectively). Maternal acne and hirsutism problems were significantly often in LBW group. Multivariate analysis showed that LBW was a predictor of acne, hirsutism, and menstrual disorder at adolescent period (P?=?0.001; P?=?0.01, and 0.02, respectively). In addition, maternal menstrual disorder was also a predictor of menstrual disorder (P?=?0.035). We concluded that LBW is a good predictor of acne, hirsutism, and menstrual disorder problems in Turkish adolescent population.     

The distinction between unipolar and bipolar depression: A cognitive theory perspective

Background

There is very limited data about the cognitive structure of bipolar depression when compared to unipolar depression. The aim of the study was to look into the differences between unipolar and bipolar depressed patients regarding their cognitive structure in view of Beck's cognitive theory.

Methods

In this study, 70 bipolar patients during a depressive episode, 189 unipolar depressed patients and 120 healthy subjects were recruited. The participants were interviewed by using a structured clinical diagnostic scale. To evaluate the cognitive structure differences, the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ) and the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) were used.

Results

We found that on the mean ATQ total score, the unipolar depressed patients scored significantly higher (92.9 ± 22.7) than both the bipolar depressed patients (73.2 ± 24.7) and the healthy subjects (47.1 ± 19.6), even after controlling for all confounding factors, e.g. gender, marital status, depressive symptom severity (F = 157.872, p < 0.001). The bipolar depressed patients also scored significantly higher on the mean ATQ total score than the healthy controls. On the mean DAS total score, and on the mean score of its subscale of need for approval, the bipolar depressed patients scored (152.8 ± 21.2 and 48.2 ± 7.4, respectively) significantly higher than both the unipolar depressed patients (160.9 ± 29.0 and 51.9 ± 9.7, respectively) and the healthy subjects (127.9 ± 32.8 and 40.2 ± 12.2, respectively), even after controlling for any confounding factor (F = 45.803 [p < 0.001] and F = 43.206 [p < 0.001], respectively). On the mean score of the perfectionistic attitude subscale of the DAS, the depressed groups scored significantly higher than the healthy subjects, but they did not seem to separate from each other (F = 41.599, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

These results may help enhance the understanding of the potentially unique psychotherapeutic targets and the underlying cognitive theory of bipolar depression.     

Clinical and cognitive profiles of patients with both Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor

Although Parkinson’s disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET) are distinct clinical disorders, their coexistence can sometimes cause diagnostic problems. In this study, we conducted detailed investigations of patients with both ET and PD (ET–PD) and compared their clinical and cognitive profiles with those of patients with only ET or only PD. This study examined three groups of patients: the first group had ET–PD concomitantly (n = 9); the second group had only ET (n = 9); the third group had only PD (n = 10). The groups were compared in terms of demographic characteristics, clinical features, and cognitive functions. With the exception of positive family histories, which were more common in ET–PD than in PD patients, we found no differences among the groups with respect to demographic characteristics (p = 0.044). PD-only patients had more akinetic-rigid type Parkinsonism (p = 0.016), and their levodopa response was better than that of ET–PD patients (p = 0.017). Patients with ET–PD obtained significantly lower scores than those with pure ET on several cognitive tests, suggesting a prominent frontal-type cognitive dysfunction. In conclusion ET–PD patients differed from PD patients, showing more frequent familial tremor histories and lower levodopa responsiveness. This patient population also demonstrated more severe cognitive impairments than pure-ET patients. This result suggests that ET–PD patients are a subset of ET patients with more widespread neurodegeneration, which may indicate the presence of a syndrome that includes overlap between ET and PD.     

Local recurrence of renal cell carcinoma that simulated multiple renal arteriovenous fistulas after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: Report of a rare case

Herein we report a patient who was initially thought to have renal arteriovenous fistulas 3 months after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for a small renal mass. After timely intervention using selective renal artery embolization, computed tomography 9 months post‐surgery showed persistent renal arteriovenous fistulas and nodular lesions in the perirenal fat. The patient then underwent radical nephrectomy, and histopathological examination showed underlying recurrent clear cell renal cell carcinoma invading the intraparenchymal arteries and veins, which was simulating multiple high‐flow renal arteriovenous fistulas.     

Protective effect of syringic acid on kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury

The objective of the present study was to determine whether preischemic administration of syringic acid (SA) would attenuate renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Rats were divided into three groups: Sham group; IR group; and IR?+?SA group. The effects of SA were examined using biochemical parameters including serum ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA). The apoptosis status and histopathological changes were evaluated. After calculating the score for each histopathological change, the total score was obtained by summing all the scores. In the SA group, MDA, IMA, TOS, and OSI decreased significantly compared to the IR group. After SA administration, the increase in GPx activity was found to be significant. Apoptosis decreased significantly in the SA group compared with the IR group. The total score significantly decreased after administration of SA. Taken together, our findings suggest that SA preconditioning is effective in reducing tissue damage induced in kidney IRI. Renal histology also showed convincing evidence regarding the protective nature of SA.