Developing teaching strategies based on new knowledge

New research in the areas of cognition, learning, memory, and motivation indicates that people can learn more and at a faster rate, than was previously thought, by means of improved teaching strategies aimed specifically at enhancing memory storage and retrieval, cognition, and learning (Estes, 1983; Kirby & Biggs, 1980; Murphy & Smith, 1982). Other research in psychology, educational psychology, biochemistry, and neurology shows that human intelligence can be more fully developed or modified (Machado, 1980). One of the means to achieve these ends is teaching strategies developed specifically to enhance the brain's natural capacities.     

Endocrine changes in Alzheimer's disease

In conclusion, at present, no consistent endocrine abnormalities can be detected in patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease. However, assessment of neuroendocrine function might help identify subpopulations of patients with particular neurotransmission abnormalities who are likely to benefit from a specific pharmacologic strategy. For example, patients in whom cholinomimetic drugs produce the greatest elevation in plasma cortisol concentration appear to derive the most symptomatic benefit from these drugs.     

Atrial natriuretic peptide levels in the prediction of congestive heart failure risk in frail elderly.

OBJECTIVE--To develop a noninvasive clinical predictive model for acute congestive heart failure (CHF) in a frail elderly cohort using bedside clinical assessment (medical history and physical examination) and venous atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels. DESIGN--One-year prospective blinded cohort study. SETTING--Life care facility. PARTICIPANTS--Three hundred thirty-one frail, elderly volunteers free of acute illness at study entry (mean +/- SD age, 88 +/- 7 years; 23% male, 77% female). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Clinical episodes of CHF with confirmation of acute pulmonary edema by chest roentgenogram. RESULTS--Fifteen percent of the elderly cohort developed at least one episode of CHF during the 1-year follow-up period. Those developing CHF had significantly higher mean +/- SE ANP values at study entry: 493 +/- 55 vs 207 +/- 15 pmol/L. The risk for development of CHF rose progressively with increasing ANP levels at study entry. In multivariate analysis, only two independent variables significantly predicted CHF: ANP value greater than 200 pmol/L (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 7.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.2 to 19.2) and history of CHF in the previous year (adjusted OR, 7.0; 95% CI, 2.9 to 17). Stratifying the cohort by these two variables results in three CHF risk groups: 55% of the population at 3% annual risk of CHF, 37% of the population at 20% to 24% annual risk of CHF, and 8% of the population at 66% annual risk of CHF. CONCLUSIONS--This simple clinical prediction model identifies elderly subjects at risk for CHF and allows appropriate focusing of medical resources for prevention, early detection, and treatment of this highly morbid clinical syndrome.     

Time course of some effects of cigarette smoking on platelets.

Eight male habitual smokers smoked two cigarettes over a 20-min period following a 12-h period of abstinence. Antecubital venipuncture was performed immediately before, immediately after, and 55 min and 2 h after smoking had ceased. At these times, the mean values (+/- SD) of collagen-induced platelet aggregation were 45 +/- 5, 68 +/- 5, 59 +/- 6 and 52 +/- 5 chart units, respectively, while the corresponding values for the mean platelet aggregate ratio were 0.91 +/- 0.01, 0.82 +/- 0.03, 0.87 +/- 0.02 and 0.90 +/- 0.02, respectively. Mean collagen-induced platelet aggregation was significantly (P less than 0.005) higher immediately after, and 55 min and 2 h after smoking. The mean platelet aggregate ratio was significantly (P less than 0.001) lower immediately after and 55 min after smoking. Correlation coefficients between the concentration of nicotine in each of the 24 plasma samples obtained after smoking and the corresponding values of collagen-induced platelet aggregation and the platelet aggregate ratio were 0.41 (P less than 0.05) and -0.50 (P less than 0.02), respectively. It is concluded that when habitual smokers abstain from smoking overnight, a 20-min period of cigarette smoking may enhance platelet aggregability for as long as 2 h.     

Magnetic susceptibility effects secondary to out-of-plane air in fast MR scanning

Areas of signal loss in brain overlying air-containing structures at the skull base are commonly observed on axial fast MR images. The nature of this effect, which can mimic the appearance of cerebral hemorrhage, is investigated in a phantom study and in a normal volunteer. The magnitude of the signal loss is found to be inversely related to the distance of the scanning plane from the air-containing structure and directly related to the echo time.     

Differentiation between rat brain and mouse vas deferens delta opioid receptors

Certain enkephalin analogues, including those which contain the conformationally restricted amino acid E-(2R,3S)-cyclopropylphenylalanine [2R,3S)-delta E Phe), have been shown to have high affinity for brain delta opioid receptors but are much less active in mouse vas deferens bioassays. To investigate whether there are differences between delta opioid receptors in brain and mouse was deferens, the ability of a selective delta opioid compound, [D-Pen2,pCl-Phe4,D-Pen5]enkephalin (pCl-DPDPE), and [D-Ala2,(2R,3S)-delta E Phe4,Leu5]enkephalin methyl ester (CP-OMe), to inhibit [3H]pCl-DPDPE binding in both rat brain and mouse vas deferens were measured. pCl-DPDPE recognized brain and mouse vas deferens binding sites with equal affinity, however, CP-OMe showed 33 fold lower affinity in mouse vas deferens compared to brain. This suggests that mouse vas deferens delta opioid receptors may be distinct from brain delta opioid receptors.     

Prognostic implications of the proliferative potential of low-grade astrocytomas

The proliferative potential of low-grade astrocytomas was estimated in 47 patients. Each patient received an intravenous infusion of bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), 150 to 200 mg/sq m, at the time of craniotomy to label cells in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis; the percentage of S-phase cells, or BUdR labeling index (LI), of each tumor was determined immunohistochemically. In 29 patients (60%), the tumors had BUdR LI's of less than 1%, indicating a slow growth rate; only three (10%) of these patients died of recurrent tumor during a follow-up period of up to 3 1/2 years. In contrast, of the 18 patients (40%) whose tumors had BUdR LI's of 1% or more, 12 (67%) had a recurrence and nine died during the same follow-up period. These results show that the proliferative potential, as reflected by the BUdR LI, is an important prognostic factor that separates low-grade astrocytomas into two groups and provides a more scientific rationale for selecting treatment for individual patients.