Polymorphisms of the equine major histocompatibility complex class II DRA locus

The full extent of the polymorphism of ELA-DRA in Equidae is not yet known. Given the apparent differences in DRA polymorphisms between Equidae and other species, the aims of this study were to more fully characterize ELA-DRA, determine the extent of gene polymorphism and establish the allele-frequency distribution. An allele reference panel for the second exon of ELA-DRA was established by sequence-based typing of 69 equine DNA samples consisting of various breeds of domestic horse (Equus caballus), together with donkeys (Equus asinus), Grant's zebras (Equus boehmi) and one onager (Equus hemionus). Five of the six previously reported alleles detected using single-strand conformation polymorphism were found: ELA-DRA*0101, ELA-DRA*0201, ELA-DRA*0301, ELA-DRA*0501 (Albright-Fraser DG et al. Polymorphism of DRA among equids. Immunogenetics 1996: 43: 315-7) and ELA-DRA*0601 (GenBank accession number AF5419361). In addition to the previously reported alleles, five novel ELA-DRA alleles were detected within the ELA-DRA allele reference panel. One of these was identified in E. caballus (ELA-DRA*JBH11), one in E. boehmi and E. hemionus (ELA-DRA*JBZ185) and three in E. asinus (ELA-DRA*JBD3, ELA-DRA*JBD17 and ELA-DRA*JBH45). A total of 565 equine DNA samples were screened using reference-strand-mediated conformation analysis, a double-stranded conformation-based mutation detection system that can be used to type existing ELA-DRA alleles and identify new variants. Based on our findings, at least 11 ELA-DRA alleles are now known to exist, and this level of polymorphism at the DRA locus appears to be unique to the genus Equus. Both the previously reported alleles and the new alleles displayed a species-specific distribution.     

Marked differences in olfactory sensitivity and apparent speed of forebrain neuroblast migration in three inbred strains of mice

In the adult forebrain, new neuroblasts constantly migrate from the subventricular zone along the rostral migratory stream to the olfactory bulb, where many become neurons. It is unclear whether this process is different in commonly used mouse strains and whether it is related to olfactory function. Adult male BALB/c, C57BL/6, and 129/S1 (formerly 129SV) mice were tested for olfactory sensitivity plus discrimination, using male mouse urine from the two other strains. BALB/c mice had the greatest olfactory sensitivity, followed by 129/S1, and C57BL/6 mice, by an order of magnitude each. Newly formed cells were pulse-labeled for 3 h with i.p. 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) injections and the animals analyzed 24 h later. In 129/S1 mice, a greater proportion of neuroblasts were present closer to the olfactory bulb than in BALB/c mice, followed by C57BL/6 mice. The total number of BrdU-labeled cells did not differ, suggesting differences in migration and not proliferation. The impaired olfactory function in C57BL/6 mice might be caused by the reduced number of neuroblasts that reach the olfactory bulbs. However, olfactory function in BALB/c and 129/S1 mice did not correlate with their putative migration speed, suggesting a more complex nature of cellular processes that contribute to olfactory function. These results caution against comparing studies of olfactory function or neural precursors that use different strains of mice, and question the use of C57BL/6 mice as a "normal" strain or as transgenic background. Perhaps more importantly, the results point to an opportunity to identify genes that regulate olfactory function and neuroblast behavior.     

Molecular approach to the epidemiology of swine vesicular disease: correlation of variation in the virus structural polypeptides with serological properties.

Variation has been observed in the structural polypeptides of swine vesicular disease viruses isolated from the United Kingdom and Hong Kong. Despite the limited number of isolates examined, several distinct polypeptide patterns were obtained when the virus structural proteins were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Isolates from outbreaks in the United Kingdom which were known to be connected gave the same polypeptide pattern, whereas viruses with different polypeptide patterns could not be traced to a common source. The different polypeptide patterns were obtained consistently and were not altered by passage of the virus in tissue culture. In general, isolates with identical polypeptide patterns could not be distinguished by neutralization or antibody blocking tests or by competition radioimmunoassays. However, isolates with different polypeptide patterns could be differentiated by antibody blocking tests or radioimmunoassay. The correlation between the serological tests and the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses illustrates the value of analyzing structural polypeptides in the epidemiological study of swine vesicular disease.     

Pure partial trisomy for long arm of chromosome 9.

A case of a 4-year-old boy with trisomy of the long arm of chromosome 9 is described (46,XY, der (9), t (9;9) (q32;q12)). The trisomy is probably the result of a translocation of the long arm of the chromosome from one homologue to the other in a parental gonad. The clinical features of the child which include severe developmental retardation, bird-like facies, tapered fingers, and flexion contractures of the legs are similar to those of the few cases described of trisomy of the whole chromosome.     

Growth of native Hawaiian school children: I. Research design,stature, and weight measurements

A semilongitudinal survey of the growth of native Hawaiian school children, focused on the development of fatness, has been carried out on the Island of Hawaii. Four cohorts of children, first studied in grades one, four, seven, and ten, were measured annually for four years. Several factors, including percentage of Polynesian ancestry, identification with Hawaiian culture, socioeconomic status, dietary intake, and physical fitness, have been considered for their potential relationship to the development of fatness Data presented here indicate that native Hawaiian boys tend to be taller for their age than NHANES-II medians until age 14 years, but are not significantly taller than their non-Hawaiian classmates. Native Hawaiian boys and girls are heavier for their age than NHANES-II medians at most ages and are significantly heavier than non-Hawaiian classmates. Percentage of Polynesian ancestry is a significant predictor variable of both stature-for-age and weight-for-age among native Hawaiian children in the first and fourth grade cohorts. Study of fatness in a genetically heterogeneous Polynesian population that is relatively homogeneous in regard to modernization may yield insights into genetic contributions to the problem of obesity among Pacific Islanders.     

An education program to reduce unnecessary laboratory tests by residents

What are often called "little-ticket" items--X-rays and laboratory tests--account for 25-30% of all health care costs. Two such items were the focus of this study, which took place at an inner-city community health center operated by the Department of Family Medicine of Cook County Hospital and involved 20 family practice residents over a period of nine weeks. The first item was the complete blood count (CBC) with differential, a prototype of a low-cost, high-volume test often ordered by reflex; the second, the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) test, a high-cost, low-volume test normally associated with a differential diagnosis or clinical reasoning. Through the use of a simple educational intervention based on quality of care, not cost-containment, and an audit feedback system, the authors were able to reduce significantly the rates of ordering TSH tests (p less than .0001) and CBCs (p = .05). This effect on the rates persisted five months after the intervention terminated. In addition, the percentage of TSH tests clinically indicated by explicit criteria increased significantly (p less than .001) during the intervention. However, this effect showed signs of diminishing five months after the intervention ended. The percentage of CBCs clinically indicated did not change significantly as a result of this intervention.     

Somatostatin- and enkephalin-like immunoreactivities are frequently colocalized in neurons in the caudal brain stem of rat

Summary The medulla oblongata and pons of colchicine treated rats were analyzed with a doublestaining technique using mouse monoclonal antibodies to somatostatin and rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised against methionine-enkephalin. Numerous cells reacted with both antisera but cells reacting with only one antiserum were also observed. Double-stained cells were most frequently encountered at all levels of the nucleus tractus solitarii, in a well defined group in the caudal medullary reticular formation, along the lateral ventral surface of the medulla oblongata, dorsolateral to the inferior olive and in the nucleus raphe magnus. These findings provide further examples of coexistence of two peptides and indicate the possibility that somatostatin-and enkephalin-like peptides are co-released.     

Depression of lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin in the presence of plasma from children with acute protein energy malnutrition.

Phytohaemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation of four healthy adults and a child with kwashiorkor was performed in the presence of plasma from nineteen patients with protein energy malnutrition and a nutritionally normal child. Marked inhibition occurred in the presence of plasma from six patients who subsequently died, moderate inhibition occurred in six other patients in the acute stage and in two of these six in the convalescent stage, whilst in the remaining seven there was no effect. Reduction in response did not appear to be due to plasma cytotoxicity. Plasma factors in some cases of malnutrition, associated with certain infections appear to inhibit the lymphocyte response and this may have prognostic implications.     

Physico-chemical characterisation of rinderpest virus

Rinderpest virus grown in Vero cells was purified by equilibrium sedimentation in potassium tartrate gradients. The characteristics of the virus and its RNA dependend on the passage history of the virus. Undiluted passage virus had a density ofc 1.21 g/ml in potassium tartrate and contained RNA sedimenting atc. 20S and 5S. Virus obtained by dilute passage had a density ofc. 1.24 g/ml and contained 50S in addition to 20S and 5S RNA. Both diluted passage and undiluted passage viruses contained polypeptides with molecular weights of 98, 79, 75, 66, 48, 43 and 37×10³. Trace amounts of polypeptides with molecular weights of 29 and 20×10³ were also detected. The molecular weights of the major polypeptides are similar to those of the polypeptides present in measles and canine distemper viruses.     

Genetic alterations of Carney complex are not present in sporadic cardiac myxomas.

Cardiac myxomas are the most frequent cardiac tumors and cause for significant morbidity and mortality. Recent evidence indicates that cardiac myxomas are, in fact, neoplasms rather than organized thrombi. Cardiac myxomas may present as solitary lesions or in association with the Carney complex. Carney complex has been linked to chromosome 2p16 and the PRKAR1A gene at 17q22-24. In this study, we analyzed sporadic cardiac myxomas to evaluate whether the genetic alterations seen in Carney complex are present in non Carney complex associated cardiac myxomas as well. We analyzed microdissected material from 13 patients with cardiac myxomas for the markers PRKAR1 9CA, D2S2153, D2S2251 and D2S123. None of the cases demonstrated loss of heterozygosity or definite band changes suggestive of microsatellite instability for any of the markers used. We conclude that sporadic cardiac myxomas are genetically not related to Carney complex and most likely do not represent an incomplete form of Carney complex.