全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3741篇 |
免费 | 239篇 |
国内免费 | 57篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 36篇 |
儿科学 | 92篇 |
妇产科学 | 70篇 |
基础医学 | 492篇 |
口腔科学 | 105篇 |
临床医学 | 332篇 |
内科学 | 893篇 |
皮肤病学 | 36篇 |
神经病学 | 327篇 |
特种医学 | 139篇 |
外国民族医学 | 1篇 |
外科学 | 661篇 |
综合类 | 100篇 |
一般理论 | 2篇 |
预防医学 | 119篇 |
眼科学 | 45篇 |
药学 | 342篇 |
2篇 | |
中国医学 | 31篇 |
肿瘤学 | 212篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 25篇 |
2022年 | 65篇 |
2021年 | 97篇 |
2020年 | 78篇 |
2019年 | 78篇 |
2018年 | 89篇 |
2017年 | 79篇 |
2016年 | 99篇 |
2015年 | 110篇 |
2014年 | 127篇 |
2013年 | 153篇 |
2012年 | 210篇 |
2011年 | 212篇 |
2010年 | 127篇 |
2009年 | 111篇 |
2008年 | 217篇 |
2007年 | 182篇 |
2006年 | 164篇 |
2005年 | 181篇 |
2004年 | 153篇 |
2003年 | 135篇 |
2002年 | 131篇 |
2001年 | 75篇 |
2000年 | 63篇 |
1999年 | 61篇 |
1998年 | 36篇 |
1997年 | 26篇 |
1996年 | 21篇 |
1994年 | 19篇 |
1992年 | 61篇 |
1991年 | 54篇 |
1990年 | 47篇 |
1989年 | 50篇 |
1988年 | 65篇 |
1987年 | 58篇 |
1986年 | 53篇 |
1985年 | 47篇 |
1984年 | 36篇 |
1983年 | 20篇 |
1982年 | 28篇 |
1981年 | 21篇 |
1979年 | 27篇 |
1978年 | 26篇 |
1977年 | 38篇 |
1976年 | 28篇 |
1974年 | 19篇 |
1973年 | 24篇 |
1972年 | 22篇 |
1970年 | 24篇 |
1967年 | 20篇 |
排序方式: 共有4037条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
91.
Purpose
A number of original publications and review articles have addressed the issue of perioperative immune modulation and cancer outcome. The objective of this module is to review current understanding surrounding the pathways involved and the evidence implicating commonly used anesthetic agents.Principal findings
Drugs commonly used in anesthetic practice have been shown to affect various components of the immune system in laboratory animal and human in vitro models. It has been hypothesized that these effects may favour tumour recurrence and metastasis formation. Inhalational agents and opiates have potential negative immunomodulatory effects; on the other hand, regional anesthesia and propofol may have positive effects on immune function modulation. However, the clinical relevance of these studies to human cancer outcome is unknown since clinical trials are equivocal, and results of in vitro and animal model studies cannot be extrapolated to clinical practice. Furthermore, there is a lack of rigorous clinical trials demonstrating clinical outcome benefit for one technique over another. It remains unclear how anesthetic drugs influence the immune system in relation to tumour cell elimination and clinical cancer outcome.Conclusions
Recommendations for a specific anesthetic technique based on cancer outcome alone cannot be made. A pragmatic solution would be to offer regional anesthesia in isolation or combined with propofol infusion to cancer patients if appropriate and if local expertise is available. Regional anesthesia offers excellent analgesia, a low incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, and a favourable immunological profile based on current understanding of laboratory evidence. 相似文献92.
Miklos Z. Molnar Hirohito Ichii James Lineen Clarence E. Foster rd Zoltan Mathe Jeffrey Schiff S. Joseph Kim Madeleine V. Pahl Alpesh N. Amin Kamyar Kalantar‐Zadeh Csaba P. Kovesdy 《Seminars in dialysis》2013,26(6):667-674
In the last decade, the number of patients starting dialysis after a failed kidney transplant has increased substantially. These patients appear to be different from their transplant‐naïve counterparts, and so may be the timing of dialysis therapy initiation. An increasing number of studies suggest that in transplant‐naïve patients, later dialysis initiation is associated with better outcomes. Very few data are available on timing of dialysis reinitiation in failed transplant recipients, and they suggest that an earlier return to dialysis therapy tended to be associated with worse survival, especially among healthier and younger patients and women. Failed transplant patients may also have unique issues such as continuation of immunosuppression versus withdrawal or the need for remnant allograft nephrectomy with regard to dialysis reinitiation. These patients may have a different predialysis preparation work‐up, worse blood pressure control, higher or lower serum phosphorus levels, lower serum bicarbonate concentration, and worse anemia management. The choice of dialysis modality may also represent an important question for these patients, even though there appears to be no difference in mortality between patients starting peritoneal versus hemodialysis. Finally, failed transplant patients returning to dialysis appear to have a higher mortality rate compared with transplant‐naïve incident dialysis patients, especially in the first several months of dialysis therapy. In this review, we will summarize the available data related to the timing of dialysis initiation and outcomes in failed kidney transplant patients after returning to dialysis. 相似文献
93.
Andrea Nagy Laszlo Bognar Istvan Pataki Zoltan Barta Laszlo Novak 《Child's nervous system》2013,29(3):413-418
Purpose
The aim of the study was to compare the characteristics of ventriculosubgaleal shunts during the clinical course of posthemorrhagic and postinfectious hydrocephalus in the neonatal period.Patients and methods
The study comprised 102 premature babies in whom subgaleal shunt was consecutively inserted between 2006 and 2011. Seventy-two patients had posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (mean gestational age 27.3?±?2.1 weeks, mean birth weight 1,036.9?±?327.7 g, mean age at insertion 51.4?±?56.2 days) and 30 patients were operated postinfectiously (27.5?±?2.2 weeks, 1,064.7 g?±?310.7 g, 115.9?±?47.8 days).Results
The mean survival of subgaleal shunts was 87.9 days for the posthemorrhagic group and 75.6 days for the postinfectious group. Only six infants (8.3 %) did not need ventriculoperitoneal shunts later, all posthemorrhagic. There were meaningful differences between two groups with regard to ventriculosubgaleal shunt-related infections (8.3 % in posthemorrhagic versus 20.0 % in postinfectious) and shunt revision rate (6.9 % in posthemorrhagic versus 13.3 % in postinfectious), but these were not statistically significant. The need of ventriculoscopic procedures was notably more frequent in postinfectious group (1.4 versus 23.3 %).Conclusion
In premature infants with ventriculomegaly, the subgaleal shunt is an effective temporary diversion tool. The complications were less with posthemorrhagic than with postinfectious hydrocephalus. With previous severe infections of prematures, the risk for complications regarding infection and obstruction will be 2.75 and 2.06 (odds ratios) times higher and more frequent need of ventriculoscopic procedures should be considered (odds ratio 21.6). 相似文献94.
Peter Toth Zsuzsanna Tucsek Danuta Sosnowska Tripti Gautam Matthew Mitschelen Stefano Tarantini Ferenc Deak Akos Koller William E Sonntag Anna Csiszar Zoltan Ungvari 《Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism》2013,33(11):1732-1742
Hypertension in the elderly substantially contributes to cerebromicrovascular damage and promotes the development of vascular cognitive impairment. Despite the importance of the myogenic mechanism in cerebromicrovascular protection, it is not well understood how aging affects the functional adaptation of cerebral arteries to high blood pressure. Hypertension was induced in young (3 months) and aged (24 months) C57/BL6 mice by chronic infusion of angiotensin II (AngII). In young hypertensive mice, the range of cerebral blood flow autoregulation was extended to higher pressure values, and the pressure-induced tone of middle cerebral artery (MCA) was increased. In aged hypertensive mice, autoregulation was markedly disrupted, and MCAs did not show adaptive increases in myogenic tone. In young mice, the mechanism of adaptation to hypertension involved upregulation of the 20-HETE (20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid)/transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C (TRPC6) pathway and this mechanism was impaired in aged hypertensive mice. Downstream consequences of cerebrovascular autoregulatory dysfunction in aged AngII-induced hypertensive mice included exacerbated disruption of the blood–brain barrier and neuroinflammation (microglia activation and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines), which were associated with impaired hippocampal dependent cognitive function. Collectively, aging impairs autoregulatory protection in the brain of mice with AngII-induced hypertension, potentially exacerbating cerebromicrovascular injury and neuroinflammation. 相似文献
95.
Joanna Jędrzejczak Petr Marusic Sulev Haldre Beata Majkowska-Zwolińska Veneta Bojinova-Tchamova Ruta Mameniskiene Ioana Mindruta Igor M. Ravnik Zoltan Szupera Pavol Sykora Aleksandrs Verzbickis Jerzy Daniluk 《Seizure》2013,22(6):452-456
PurposeThe aim of this survey was to review and compare the current approaches to epilepsy management in Central and Eastern EU (CEEU) countries.MethodThe questionnaire was sent to ten invited experts from Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. It focused on the treatment of adults.ResultsThe number of neurologists and epilepsy reference centers is highly variable in CEEU countries. None of the analyzed states has a formal specialization in epileptology. No universal state-approved criteria for reference centers exist in Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, and Slovenia. Generally, the protocols for epilepsy treatment in CEEU countries, including drug-resistant epilepsy, are in accordance with international guidelines; however, most countries have their own national standards of care and some have local clinical guidelines. Also, the reimbursement systems for antiepileptic drugs in CEEU countries are highly variable. Seven countries have epilepsy surgery centers. The costs of epilepsy surgeries are fully reimbursed, procedures performed abroad may also be covered. The length of time spent on waiting lists for surgery following the completion of preoperative investigations varies from two weeks to three years. The fraction of patients who qualified and were operated on within 12 months ranges from 20% to 100%.ConclusionThe lack of unified procedures pertaining to the evaluation and therapy of epilepsy is reflected by marked differences in access to treatment modalities for patients from CEEU countries. 相似文献
96.
97.
Skeletal Radiology - 相似文献
98.
Skeletal Radiology - 相似文献
99.
Kristof Nagy Akos Ujszaszi Maria E. Czira Adam Remport Csaba P. Kovesdy Zoltan Mathe Connie M. Rhee Istvan Mucsi Miklos Z. Molnar 《Transplant international》2016,29(3):352-361
Resistin is an adipocytokine that is associated with inflammation, coronary artery disease, and other types of cardiovascular disease among patients with normal kidney function. However, little is known about the association of resistin with outcomes in kidney transplant recipients. We collected socio‐demographic and clinical parameters, medical and transplant history, and laboratory data from 988 prevalent kidney transplant recipients enrolled in the Malnutrition‐Inflammation in Transplant—Hungary Study (MINIT‐HU study). Serum resistin levels were measured at baseline. Associations between serum resistin level and death with a functioning graft over a 6‐year follow‐up period were examined in unadjusted and adjusted models. The mean±SD age of the study population was 51 ± 13 years, among whom 57% were men and 21% were diabetics. Median serum resistin concentrations were significantly higher in patients who died with a functioning graft as compared to those who did not die during the follow‐up period (median [IQR]: 22[15–26] vs. 19[14–22] ng/ml, respectively; P < 0.001). Higher serum resistin level was associated with higher mortality risk in both unadjusted and fully adjusted models: HRs (95% CI): 1.33(1.16–1.54) and 1.21(1.01–1.46), respectively. In prevalent kidney transplant recipients, serum resistin was an independent predictor of death with a functioning graft. 相似文献
100.
Sara K. Cheung Timur Özelsel Saifee Rashiq Ban C. Tsui 《Journal canadien d'anesthésie》2016,63(9):1016-1021