Association of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression with Tumor Angiogenesis and with Early Relapse in Primary Breast Cancer

Angiogenesis is an independent prognostic indicator in breast cancer. In this report, the relationship between expression of vascular endothclial growth factor (VEGF; a selective mitogen for endothelial cells) and the microvessel density was examined in 103 primary breast cancers. The expression of VEGF was evaluated by immunocytochemical staining using anti-VEGF antibody. The microvessel density, which was determined by immunostaining for factor VIII antigen, in VEGF-rich tumors was clearly higher than that in VEGF-poor tumors ( P <0.01). There was a good correlation between VEGF expression and the increment of microvessel density. Furthermore, postoperative survey demonstrated that the relapse-free survival rate of VEGF-rich tumors was significantly worse than that of VEGF-poor tumors. It was suggested that the expression of VEGF is closely associated with the promotion of angiogenesis and with early relapse in primary breast cancer.     

The anterior choroidal artery syndrome

We reviewed 12 cases of infarcts in the territory of the anterior choroidal artery (AChA) on CT and/or MRI. In each case vascular occlusion in the region was verified angiographically. Although the extent of the lesion on CT/MR images was variable, all were located on the axial images within an arcuate zone between the striatium anterolaterally and the thalamus posteromedially. The distribution of the lesions on mutiplanar MRI conformed well to the territory of the AChA demonstrated microangiographically. The variability of the extent of the infarcts may be explained by variations in the degree of occlusive changes in the AChA or the development of collateral circulation through anastomoses between the AChA and the posterior communicating and posterior cerebral arteries. The extent of the lesion appeared to be closely related to the degree of neurological deficit.     

Cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation of the rat brain ryanodine receptor.

Phosphorylation of the rat brain ryanodine receptor was studied using a monoclonal antibody, Ry-1, against the cardiac ryanodine receptor. A large polypeptide with the same SDS-PAGE mobility as that of the canine cardiac receptor was detected in rat brain membranes by immunoblotting. The brain ryanodine receptor was solubilized from the microsomal membranes with 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonic acid (CHAPS), and more than 85% of the solubilized receptor was immunoprecipitated by Ry-1. Immunoprecipitated receptors were phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The ryanodine receptor was also expressed in cultured fetal rat brain neurons and was phosphorylated by treating the cells with dibutyryl cAMP. The number of cells showing a caffeine-induced Ca2+ transient was increased significantly in the phosphorylating condition. These results suggest that the Ca channel activity of the brain ryanodine receptor is regulated by cAMP-dependent phosphorylation.     

Gadolinium-enhanced breath-hold three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography of the abdominal and pelvic vessels: The value of ultrafast MP-RAGE sequences

MR angiography (MRA) was performed in 50 consecutive subjects (mean age, 59 years), who had been referred for abdominal MRA, on a 1.5-T superconductive unit that used a body phased-array coil. Three breath-hold three-dimensional sequences were evaluated both in phantom and clinical studies: (a) standard fast three-dimensional gradient-echo sequence (TR = 15, TE = 6; imaging time, 32 seconds), (b) ultrafast three-dimensional gradient-echo sequence (TR = 8.2, TE = 3; imaging time, 18 seconds), and (c) ultrafast magnetization-prepared (MP) rapid acquisition gradient echo (RAGE) (TR = 5.8, TE = 2.9, inversion time [TI] = 20; imaging time, 15 seconds). The initial 30 patients were randomized into three groups by three separate sequences. For the remaining 20 patients, ultrafast-gradient-echo and ultrafast MP-RAGE sequences were performed. Conventional angiography was performed on 36 patients. Signal measurements of the phantom and clinical images of the aorta, visceral branches of the aorta, iliac arteries, inferior vena cavae, and portal veins were performed. The overall image quality and background fatty tissue contrast of the vessels were rated subjectively. Comparison of images between MRA and conventional angiography also was performed. The contrast between the vessels and background fatty tissue was significantly higher in the ultrafast MP-RAGE sequence in both quantitative and qualitative analysis, and image-quality ultrafast MP-RAGE was superior to the other two sequences (P < .01). The aorta and iliac arteries could be visualized in all pulse sequences, and abnormalities of these vessels were diagnosed correctly. The renal artery was visualized more clearly with the two ultrafast sequences.     

Clarke's column in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Summary Histological, ultrastructural and morphometrical observations on Clarke's column were carried out in 18 patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and 15 age-matched control subjects. Of the 18 ALS patients 6 had been on a respirator before death. Bunina bodies were found in the neuronal cytoplasm in 7 of the 12 non-respirator-supported ALS patients and in 3 of the 6 respirator-supported patients. The number of spheroids was significantly higher in the non-respirator-supported patients (P<0.01) than in the control subjects; however, the number in the respirator-supported patients was about equal to that in the controls. The number of neurons in Clarke's column in the non-respirator-supported ALS patients was not reduced, but in the respirator-supported patients they tended to disappear with time after respiratory support. These findings suggest that Clarke's column neurons are also involved primarily in the disease process in sporadic ALS. However, they may begin to disappear only after the patients require respiratory support.Supported in part by a research grant for CNS degenerative diseases from the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan     

Rotational occlusion of the vertebral artery at the atlantoaxial joint: is it truly physiological?

We present a patient with vertebrobasilar insufficiency, with vertigo and horizontal nystagmus, induced by turning the head to the right. Angiography demonstrated transient occlusion of the left vertebral artery at the atlantoaxial joint during rotation of the head. The pathogenesis and angiographic findings are discussed.     

Inhibitory reflex during bronchoconstrictions induced by histamine and Ascaris suum antigen.

We investigated the involvements of sympathetic and nonadrenergic nervous systems in the inhibitory reflex following bronchoconstriction in dogs. Inhalations of a 0.00125% solution of histamine and Ascaris suum antigen (3 mg protein) to the bronchial side induced reflex tracheal constriction following bronchoconstriction. An intra-arterial infusion of 5 micrograms/min of atropine to the tracheal site changed the reflex tracheal constrictions by histamine and antigen inhalations into tracheal dilatations. The reflex tracheal dilatations were abolished by the combination of intra-arterial propranolol (100 micrograms) and transections of both the bilateral superior laryngeal nerves and the spinal cord at the C1 level. The reflex tracheal constrictions induced by histamine and antigen inhalations were increased with 100 micrograms propranolol. Furthermore, the reflex tracheal constrictions were enhanced by the combination of 100 micrograms propranolol and transection of the spinal cord. These findings indicate that during the constriction of the bronchial smooth muscle, not only a reflex tracheal constriction mechanism but also one of reflex dilatation operates and that the latter reflex response may be mainly mediated by the sympathetic nerves, with partial involvement of the nonadrenergic nerves. This inhibitory reflex may attenuate asthmatic bronchoconstriction.     

Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver: arterial angio-CT and microangiography.

To differentiate focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) from other hepatic tumors, especially hepatocellular carcinoma, we evaluated the hemodynamics of histologically proved FNH in three patients, two by arterial angio-CT and one by microangiography of the resected specimen. These studies demonstrated the centrifugal blood supply of FNH (early filling of central tumor vessels radiating to periphery, and lobulated tumor stains with central low density area in the late phase), which could not be demonstrated by dynamic CT or hepatic angiography. Arterial angio-CT is useful as a further study, when differential diagnosis of FNH is uncertain by other imaging techniques.     

Primary malignant lymphoma of the rectum with distant metastasis to the stomach: Report of a case

Primary extranodal malignant lymphoma frequently occurs in the gastrointestinal tract; however, it is rarely encountered in the rectum. We report herein the case of an 85-year-old man who underwent abdominoperineal resection for primary malignant lymphoma of the rectum, and 1 year later, developed hematemesis caused by gastric metastasis. To our knowledge this is the first case report of such distant metastasis developing from malignant lymphoma of the rectum.     

Noninvasive Nasal Mask BiPAP Management for Prolonged Respiratory Failure Following Cardiovascular Surgery

A bstract The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of nasal mask bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) support in managing respiratory failure following cardiovascular surgery. A total of 20 patients requiring postoperative prolonged respiratory support of 72 hours or longer were studied. BiPAP support was used for eight patients (BiPAP group); the other 12 patients were managed using ordinary oxygen mask treatment (control group). The mean age of the BiPAP group and control group was 65 and 58 years of age, respectively. The mean period of postoperative endotracheal intubation of the BiPAP group and control group was 12 ± 5 days and 7 ± 1 days, respectively. Reintubation was necessary in two patients of the control group. The BiPAP group patients required no reintubation. BiPAP support was discontinued within 48 hours in 6 out of 8 patients. The respiratory rates of control group increased (p < 0.1) 24 hours after extubation, however, the respiratory rates of the BiPAP group remained unchanged. The values of the respiratory index of the BiPAP group improved significantly (p < 0.01) after BiPAP management (from 1.5 ± 0.2 to 0.9 ± 0.2). The values of the control group, however, remained unchanged. A-aDO₂ and Qs/Qt decreased (p < 0.1) in the BiPAP group. There were no significant differences in central venous pressure or circulatory status between the two groups. In conclusion, BiPAP support is a noninvasive management technique for postoperative respiratory failure and may also prevent prolonged endotracheal intubation.