Notfallmedizin auf dem Mars

Zusammenfassung Wann immer der erste bemannte Raumflug zum Roten Planeten stattfinden wird, die Astronauten werden nach der langen Zeit in der Schwerelosigkeit an Osteoporose und Muskelschwund leiden. Zusätzlich wird die Crew aufgrund einer Vielzahl von Experimenten einer enormen Stressbelastung ausgesetzt sein. Beides führt zu einer erhöhten Verletzungsgefahr. Die Planung einer Marsexpedition muss also auch die Entwicklung von Prozeduren für die Versorgung verletzter Astronauten einschließen.In einem Habitat der Mars Society in der Wüste von Utah werden simulierte Marslandungen durchgeführt. Während AustroMars im April 2006 wurden dabei erstmals neben einer Vielzahl von interdisziplinären Experimenten auch verschiedene Unfälle als Anomalien eingespielt. Diese Arbeit liefert einen Überblick darüber, mit welchen Verletzungen zukünftige Astronauten rechnen müssen, und wie deren medizinische Versorgung aussehen könnte, aber auch welche Probleme dabei noch zu lösen sind.     

Hydrophilic Derivatives of Dithranol

The syntheses of dithranol derivatives with ω-carboxyalkyl side chains at C-2 (and C-7) or ω-methoxycarbonylacyl-substituents at C-10, respectively, are described.     

Stem Cell Therapy in Spinal Cord Injury: In Vivo and Postmortem Tracking of Bone Marrow Mononuclear or Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Objective

The aim of this study was to address the question of whether bone marrow-originated mononuclear cells (MNC) or mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) induce neural regeneration when implanted intraspinally.

Materials and Methods

The study design included 4 groups of mice: Group 1, non-traumatized control group; Groups 2, 3 and 4 spinal cord traumatized mice with 1 g force Tator clips, which received intralesionally either no cellular implants (Group 2), luciferase (Luc) (+) MNC (Group 3) or MSC (Group 4) obtained from CMV-Luc or beta-actin Luc donor transgenic mice. Following the surgery until decapitation, periodical radioluminescence imaging (RLI) and Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) evaluations was performed to monitor neural activity. Postmortem immunohistochemical techniques were used to analyze the fate of donor type implanted cells.

Results

All mice of Groups 3 and 4 showed various degrees of improvement in the BMS scores, whereas there was no change in Groups 1 and 2. The functional improvement was significantly better in Group 4 compared to Group 3 (18 vs 8, p?=?0.002). The immunohistochemical staining demonstrated GFP⁺Luc⁺ neuronal/glial cells that were also positive with one or more of these markers: nestin, myelin associated glycoprotein, microtubule associated protein or myelin oligodendrocyte specific protein, which is considered as indicator of donor type neuronal regeneration. Frequency of donor type neuronal cells; Luc + signals and median BMS scores were observed 48–64 % and 68–72 %; 44–80 %; 8 and 18 within Groups III and IV respectively.

Discussion

MSCs were more effective than MNC in obtaining neuronal recovery. Substantial but incomplete functional improvement was associated with donor type in vivo imaging signals more frequently than the number of neuronal cells expressing donor markers in spinal cord sections in vitro. Our results are in favor of functional recovery arising from both donor MSC and MNCs, contributing to direct neuronal regeneration and additional indirect mechanisms.     

Effect of Ankaferd Blood Stopper on air leakage in the lung and prevention of bleeding: an experimental study

Background  

Air leakage and hemorrhage are important causes of morbidity and mortality in operations and traumas of the lung. Ankaferd Blood Stopper is a herbal product used for stopping hemorrhage. In our study, we investigated the efficacy of Ankaferd Blood Stopper in the prevention of air leakage in the lung and bleeding.     

Soluble CD23 displays T-cell growth enhancing activity.

Soluble CD23 (sCD23) enhances, in a dose-dependent manner, the number of secondary T-cell colonies generated by peripheral blood-derived agar T-colony cells in the presence of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and interleukin-2 (IL-2). This effect is not affected by IL-1 or IL-4 but is abolished by an anti-CD23 monoclonal antibody (mAb) or by IgE. No colonies were observed when sCD23 was added to PHA- or IL-2-free cultures. sCD23 also enhanced the cloning frequency of primary T-colony cells in a limiting dilution assay. These data provide the first direct evidence that sCD23 recruits T-cell clones in peripheral blood-born T cells and may be involved indirectly in the regulation of IgE response.     

Essential dependence of smooth surface caries on, and augmentation of fissure caries by, sucrose and Streptococcus mutans infection.

Streptococcus mutans-free Osborne-Mendel rats were used to study the ability of well-characterized S. mutans strains of Bratthall serotypes c, d, and E to form plaque and cause caries when the animals consumed either sucrose- or glucose-containing diets. All of the serotype representatives successfully infected, colonized, and emerged in the oral ecology of animals, independent of the carbohydrate supplementation of the diet. However, the sucrose-containing diet supported higher percentages of S. mutans of all the serotypes in the plaque and greater amounts of plaque on the teeth. Smooth surface caries was essentially S. mutans dependent and sucrose dependent; fissure caries, although it was neither dependent on S. mutans infection nor sucrose consumption, was augmented by both. This sucrose-associated emergence of all three serotype representatives in the plaque flora and their virulence in the production of caries can be ascribed to their production of alkali-solible alpha-(1 yields 3)-rich glucans from sucrose.     

The osseous response to corundum blasted implant surfaces in a canine hip model.

The purpose of this study was to examine the radiographic and histologic response to corundum blasted implant surfaces of varying roughness in a canine total hip arthroplasty model. Three types of tapered femoral implants were made from titanium alloy and were identical in every respect except surface finish. The entire surface of the femoral implant had a 2.9-, 4.2-, or 6.7-micron average surface roughness (Ra) from blasting with 60-, 24-, or 16-grit corundum particles, respectively. Twenty-two stems in 11 dogs were evaluated at 6 months. Twenty-one of the stems showed osseointegration, whereas in one stem a fibrous interface developed. Abundant new periimplant bone formation occurred, particularly within the intramedullary canal where trabeculae spanned implant to endosteal cortex gaps as large as 5 mm. Bone apposition with the 60-, 24-, and 16-grit stems averaged 31.7%, 32%, and 27.9%, respectively; the differences were not statistically significant. However, the pattern of new bone formation was different in that the average length of each region of bone apposition for the 60- and 24-grit surfaces was 50% greater than that for the coarser 16-grit surface. The observations of this study indicate that because of their highly osteoconductive nature, corundum blasted surfaces represent an important and valuable technology for the design of noncemented implants.