The receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator and urokinase is translocated from two distinct intracellular compartments to the plasma membrane on stimulation of human neutrophils

The cellular receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPAR) binds pro-urokinase (pro-uPA) and facilitates its conversion to enzymatically active urokinase (uPA). uPA in turn activates surface- bound plasminogen to plasmin, a process of presumed importance for a number of biologic processes including cell migration and resolution of thrombi. We have previously shown that uPAR is expressed on the plasma membrane of circulating neutrophils, and we now report that stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), FMLP, or tumor necrosis factor- alpha results in a rapid increase in the expression of uPAR. This process is accompanied by an increased cell-associated plasminogen activation after preincubation of neutrophils with pro-uPA in vitro. By subcellular fractionation of unstimulated neutrophils, 50% of uPAR is recovered in fractions containing latent alkaline phosphatase, corresponding to an intracellular compartment of easily mobilizable secretory vesicles distinct from both primary and specific granules, whereas the remaining 50% of uPAR is associated with a compartment eluting close to the specific granules. In contrast, the ligand pro-uPA is primarily (approximately 80%) found in the specific granules, but small amounts of pro-uPA/uPA (approximately 20%) coelute with latent alkaline phosphatase. Stimulation of neutrophils with FMLP results in translocation of uPAR as well as of pro-uPA from the secretory vesicles, whereas stimulation with PMA is required to translocate material from specific granules. Flow cytometry of neutrophils saturated with exogenous diisopropyl fluorophosphate-uPA shows a large excess (approximately 90%) of unoccupied uPAR on resting as well as FMLP- and PMA-stimulated neutrophils, suggesting a possible role for exogenous pro-uPA in providing neutrophils with a potential for plasminogen activation. These processes may be important for neutrophil extravasation and migration through extracellular matrix and for the contribution of neutrophils to resolution of thrombi.     

Overview and update on molecular testing in non-small cell lung carcinoma utilizing endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) samples

Lung carcinoma remains one of the most frequent and aggressive human neoplasms. Fortunately, in the last decades, the increasing knowledge of the molecular mechanisms leading to cancer development has allowed the use of targeted therapies with improvement of prognosis in many patients. Clinical management has also changed after the introduction of endobronchialultrasonographic bronchoscopy that allows a conservative staging of lung tumors, avoiding the need of mediastinoscopy for lymph node staging. Lung pathologists and cytopathologists are facing the challenge of giving the more comprehensive prognostic and predictive information with ever smaller tissue or cytological samples. The aim of this review is to summarize the molecular testing for non-small cell lung carcinoma and how pathologists can contribute to the patient's outcome with a conscious management of biological samples.     

发光二极管光固化灯和普通卤光灯对离体牙树脂固化微渗漏影响的研究

目的探讨牙科发光二极管光固化灯对离体牙备洞树脂充填固化后的边缘微渗漏的影响。方法离体磨牙73颗．随机分为实验组（MORITA^TM PENCURE,38颗牙）和对照组（3M^TM ESPE^TM Elipar^TM 2500,35颗牙）,制备标准V类洞,隔湿、消毒,干燥后用可乐丽菲露AP-X复合树脂充填,用上述两种光源的固化灯固化,打磨抛光。经冷热循环处理后进行染色、剖开,用体视显微镜定量和扫描电镜定性观察并拍照。结果体视显微镜下实验组和对照组中没有产生微渗漏的牙齿均占大多数,而重度微渗漏均极少,两者均有较好的边缘封闭效果,差异无统计学意义,扫描电镜提示实验组边缘密合度要好于对照组。结论发光二极管光固化灯和普通卤光灯一样,都可以较好地固化可乐丽菲露AP-X复合树脂,而发光二极管光固化灯可能有更好的降低微渗漏的能力。     

中医外科临床思维备要

临床思维对临床诊疗决策具有决定性的作用。中医外科临床思维包括首辨阴阳,重视局部辨证与微观辨证;辨病为先,辨证为主,辨体与辨症参合;外病内治,重视整体,顾护脾胃;分期论治,内外合治,最重外治。建立和强化中医外科临床思维,是提高临床疗效、提升中医学术水平、振兴中医外科的关键所在。     

PCV16 Smoking Related Costs in the United States

Smoking is a high-risk behavior that affects the health and economic welfare of society. Thus, it is important to quantify the economic burden smoking places on social institutions in the United States.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this review paper is to analyze smoking cost studies and to provide estimates that represent the economic costs of smoking from different perspectives of society, and as a whole.
METHODS: Current Contents (1996–), Health Star (1970–), and Medline (1966–) databases were searched through the use of pertinent subject headings and key words: tobacco use, smoking, cost, and economics. The internet was utilized to identify potential sources of epidemiological and cost information on smoking. Recent cost-of-illness studies using different methodologies: human capital, incidence, and prevalence were chosen for review based on their relevance.
RESULTS: Preliminary results indicate that the published cost studies available underestimate the "true" costs of smoking. The most current articles approximate annual direct medical costs to health care payers of $50 billion (1993); inflating to 1997 equals $59 billion or $1,200 per smoker. Although the latest cost studies do not attempt to estimate indirect costs, past studies have found indirect costs to be 1.5–2 times the direct costs. Therefore, using direct and indirect costs we estimate total smoking costs to be $150 billion (1993); inflating to 1997 equals $176 billion or $3,500 per smoker.
CONCLUSION: Quantifying the cost of smoking is a difficult task due to tobacco use infiltrating many aspects of life and the dependency of cost on perspective. Cost-of-illness studies provide cost estimation data which can be useful in aiding decision-makers who are allocating health care resources.     

1,2-二氯乙烷对大鼠脑的影响

目的探讨1,2-二氯乙烷(DCE)对大鼠脑的影响。方法30只大鼠分2组,在一定剂量下连续染毒10d,试验期间和试验结束时分别对各组的大鼠进行体重、主要脑/体比测定、脑病理检查以及Cl-通道检查。结果DCE在该剂量连续经口染毒可引起大鼠体重增加减慢,脑/体比增大,部分脑组织受损,脉络丛Cl-通道不明显。结论一定剂量的DCE导致部分SD大鼠轻度脑损伤。     

雷公藤内酯醇纳米脂质体的处方及制备工艺研究

目的优化雷公藤内酯醇纳米脂质体(TP-NLS)的处方及制备工艺。方法采用高压均质法制备TP-NLS。依据均匀设计U7(73)实验方法,以两种脂类基质a与b的配比(A)、泊洛沙姆188的用量(B)和均质压力(C)为考察因素,以包封率、平均粒径和Zeta电位为考察标准,优选TP-NLS的处方及制备工艺。结果最优处方为A1B5C7,即按制备600 m L TP-NLS溶液,所取脂类基质a为1.2 g,b为0.2 g,泊洛沙姆188的用量为1.3 g,均质压力70 MPa,均质乳匀15 min。制备的TP-NLS溶液外观好,平均包封率为83.52%,平均粒径117 nm,Zeta电位31.7 m V。所得TP-NLS溶液置于4℃,避光环境下保存30 d,包封率、粒径、电位等基本保持不变,稳定性良好。结论优化后的TP-NLS制备工艺简单易行,为其进一步研究奠定了基础。